Machiavelli's as Humanist: Examples and the Lessons He Learns

Machiavelli as a Humanist:

Examples and Lessons Learned

Sydni M.Eicke

Hum100 013016

June 1, 2008

Niccolo Machiavelli a Renaissance thinker? or Political Philosopher? Machiavelli went from poverty to a Florentine politician by observing what leaders do wrong and guiding others on how to gain, maintain and streamline power.

Machiavelli’s intellectual life was dominated by three men: Marsilio Ficino, Angelo Poliziano, and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. These famous men were part of Machiavelli’s day-to-day life, as they were close friends of his father. They were a large influence to Machiavelli in his early adulthood and throughout his career.

Marsilio Ficino was the son of Cosimo de’ Medici’s physician and was best known for his translations of Plato, as well as his attempt to show the harmony of Christianity with Neo-platonic thought. Ficino presided over the intellectual milieu of verbal jousting and textual citation in the Medici court. He became a priest in 1473 and later began the Christian religion. Ficino wrote to leaders, as well as the Pope, hoping to convince them to fulfill their duty at a time when dishonesty in the Catholic Church was great.1

Angelo Ambrogini, known as Poliziano, was born into a family of jurists. He studied Latin and Greek with the best of teachers of the day. At age 16, he translated four books of the Iliad into Latin hexameter which earned him the title Homericus juvenis. His publications included not only essays and poetry in Latin, but verse and a play, Orfeo, in Italian. He became the tutor of the Medici family’s children. Poliziano followed through with many political missions and, with the help of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, they searched the northern Italian cities for books and manuscripts for the Medici library.2

1, 2 Roger D. Masters, Fortune is a River (New York: Plume, 1999) 54-55.

The most famous humanist of this time, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, was the youngest son of the Count of Mirandola. In learning Hebrew, he came to believe that the Kabbala contained proof of Christian mysteries. Around the age of 23, he published some important work of nine hundred questions and theological answers, known as Pico’s 900 Theses, the Evolution of Traditional and Religious and Philosophical Systems. His aim was to reconcile religion and philosophy.3 Just prior to his death, Giovanni gave up his worldly goods to travel the world as a mendicant. Giovanni not only was an Italian philosopher, but was also a scholar, Neoplatonist and humanist.

Machiavelli was also influenced in his thinking and career path by Marcus Tullius Cicero and Titus Livius, known as Livy. These two were influential to Machiavelli through their writing. Livy was born in 59 BC. He was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome. Machiavelli used Livy’s books as a basis for Discourses. This was Machiavelli’s most important work which contains the whole of his political thought and his ideas about how a great and free republic is built.4 Discourses intent was to explain the framework and advantages of a republic, a form of government based on popular consent and control. Cicero who was born on January 3, 106 BC was a Roman Statesman, political theorist, lawyer and philosopher. Machiavelli and Cicero prove to be two people who are part of the same political party desiring

3Masters 54-55.

4Maurizio Viroli, Niccolo’s Smile A Biography of Machiavelli (New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000) 7.

the same goals of that political party. Machiavelli’s library holds many pieces of literature from both Cicero and Livy. He believed in their ways of thinking and tried to carry it forward into his caring them forward in his day.

Machiavelli came to view the humanist of Florence’s thoughts as contrary to the lessons of classic antiquity and an obstacle to the beneficial exercise of political authority. Both sought to develop theories of nature and human nature that could be used in practice to benefit societies. These were his views because of his misfortunes growing up. He came from less than a fortunate family, he was a peasant. He was not in line to be reigned. Therefore, the people he associated himself with he was able to go from peasant into politics.

How Machiavelli learned to create rules and outlooks for leaders in his era is quite amazing. He would analyze the mistakes other leaders had made to help new leaders learn from these mistakes in hopes of becoming a respected and powerful leader.

In order to rule, the ruler must have certain traits to be a good ruler according to Machiavelli. The ruler must always appear truthful and honest, even if they are not. He must surround himself with wise people who are willing to speak the truth. It is more important for a ruler to be feared rather than loved. A ruler must be on guard because if he wishes to keep power, he should not do only well, however if inflicting cruelty or punishment do it all at once to lesson the pain and embarrassment. A leader can lose his empire if he doesn’t make the delicate balance between right and wrong. If you punish someone for their wrong doings, the punishment must be known by all to prevent any others from making the same mistake.5

5Michael A. Ledeen, Machiavelli on Modern Leadership (New York, Truman Talley, 1999) 112.

You know the chief duty of every prince is to keep him from being hated and despised….whenever he does that well, everything must go well.6 The prince shall have reliable trustworthy people working for him. They will be the ones who do the punishment and keep the order and peace throughout the territory. If a close eye is not kept on the ones closest to you then you stand a chance of losing your power to the ones you trusted the most. If you prosper and win, they will hail you; but if you lose, they’ll turn on you. To become a prince with the help of the nobles, one finds it more difficult to maintain his position than one who does so with the help of the people. As prince, he found himself surrounded by those who believe they are his equals, and therefore he could not command or manage them the way he wanted to.7

The Chief Deputy is the right hand man to the Prince. The Chief Deputy enforces all the rules and keeps the towns people in line and organized. If you are to lose