Marx's Alienation of Labour

Marx's Alienation of Labour

There is deep substance and many common themes that arose throughout Marx's career as a philosopher and political thinker. A common expressed notion throughout his and Fredrick Engels work consists of contempt for the industrial capitalist society that was growing around him during the industrial revolution. Capitalism according to Marx is a "social system with inherent exploitation and injustice". (Pappenheim, p. 81) It is a social system, which intrinsically hinders all of its participants and specifically debilitates the working class. Though some within the capitalist system may benefit with greater monetary gain and general acquisition of wealth, the structure of the system is bound to alienate all its participants. This paper intends evaluate Karl Marx's theory of alienated labour. In doing so it will demonstrate how capitalism both a century and a half ago, and to this very day, produces and also perpetuates alienation within the work environment. Though Marx's theory of alienation is not without its flaws, the fundamental backbone to his theory is still relevant to this day. A critical element is to take Marx's basic premises of alienation into context and realize that the capitalist world has evolved tremendously since Marx's work during the early years of Industrial Revolution.

Marx's concept of alienation can be defined as "the distortion of human nature that is caused by the domination of the worker by the 'alien will' of the capitalist" estrangement (Ritzer, p. 55). A key element to his theory of alienation focuses on the individual's experience of feeling powerlessness when they fail to realize their own human potential, which in turn causes false consciousness. His theory is based upon his dialectics and on the totality of reciprocal relationships to nature and to other individuals within society, which are motivated and perpetuated by the need for material things.

Marx' theoretical concept of alienation was forged during his transition from the Critique of Hegel to the Critique of Economic philosophy. It was during this time that the issues of labour and class became central to his theories. In Marx's early writing's, specifically 'The Economic Philosophical Manuscript' written in 1844, he presented the types of alienation which where interdependent and rooted in the productive labour of capitalism. The '...Manuscripts of 1844' set forth his views of alienated labour, communist people and society, and capitalism to human needs.

Marx's theory of alienated labour is structured around a class-based system. It is vital to acknowledge that Marx's evaluation of the capitalist system is based focused the Industrial Revolution a century and a half ago, and therefore must be kept somewhat in that context. Within Marx's simplified capitalist society model, one class of people own and control the raw materials and their means of production. They are referred to as capital, bourgeoisie, or the owning class. The capitalist does not just own the means of production, but also all the items produced. By virtue of their ownership of production property they receive an income and earn a living from the operations of their factories and shops. The owning class owns the productive resources, though they do not usually operate the production means themselves.

The need for a second, less class of citizenry to work is essential and they are referred to by Marx as the labour, Proletariats, or the working class. The working class exists to run the means of production, and they must sell their labour-power to the owning class in order to sustain themselves. Their skills are their only true 'value' in the alienated minds of the capitalists. The worker is limited with what they have to offer the capitalist and that is themselves and their individual skills as a commodity.

Marx viewed the 'commodity' as the most elementary form of modern wealth. The essence of the commodity is the separation of 'use value' from 'exchange value'. 'Exchange value' can be defined as objects produced to be exchanged for other objects; in the case of the worker it is a paycheck. 'Use value' are objects produced to satisfy ones own needs. They are ideally objects that are the product of human labour; therefore they cannot achieve an independent existence because the actors control them.

Within a capitalist society, 'use value' does not exist for the worker because the workers are not working for themselves. Everything becomes a commodity: the product and the worker. Labour has no 'use value' even though the worker has put his own labour, time, and power into his work. This is because all aspects of production belong to the capitalist, and the labour is left powerless. This premise goes against what Marx believed was the true nature of work for humans.

The relationship that exists between the capitalists and the labour is alienating to both parties. The focus of this paper is limited to the alienation of 'labour' within a capitalist society, though it is important to note that even the capitalists themselves are alienated within there own system.

According to Marx's theory of alienation there exist four intertwined ways in which labour is alienated. The first to be addressed is the 'alienation from the product of work', which is the concept that the labour is detached from the items they produce (Finifter, pp. 12-13). Even within nature the production process is a social process, but in a capitalist society the means of production are generally privately owned. Within the production process the worker puts their life into an object, which"is a necessary and universal aspect of human life" (Ritzer, p. 60). This concept known as objectification and to Marx it is the natural relationship between a worker and his productive labour. However, workers use their skills to forge and construct items that in the end they will be detached from. Capitalism produces a distortion of the natural relationship between a worker and the product of their labour. The object produced by the worker allows him to first exist as a worker and then as physical being; the product dominates the worker and confronts him as a "hostile" and "alien force" (Ritzer, p55). The more the worker puts of himself into the products he produces, the more powerless and ownerless he becomes.

The working class tends to lose sight and the realization that nature allows the existence of their labour. They unfortunately come to believe that it is the capitalist who allows their labour to exist and as