Postcolonialism in Ernest Hemingway's "indian Camp"

Ernest Hemingway attempts to describe the interactions of white Americans and Native Americans in his short story "Indian Camp." By closely reading this short story using a Postcolonialist approach, a deeper understanding of the colonization and treatment of the Native Americans by the white Americans can be gained. Hemingway uses an almost allegorical story as he exposes the injustices inflicted by the white oppressors through his characters. Through his characters Hemingway expresses the traits of the colonizer and the colonized. Nick embodies innocence, the Doctor represents dismissal or denial, and George represents oppression. The nameless natives in the story juxtapose the white characters highlighting traits such as loss of identity, inability to properly cope with colonization, and fear of extinction.

Ernest Hemingway grew up on the outer banks of Michigan, a section of the country with extensive integration of Native Americans and whites. Hemingway's short story expresses actual events that he witnessed in his everyday life. The story contains several biographical parallels to Hemingway's life as his father was a physician who often took young Ernest fishing at a camp in the Michigan woods similar to the one in his story (244). Because of these obvious biographical parallels, Hemingway has an understanding that enables him to write in a postcolonial fashion.

Postcolonialism originated in 1970. It "piggy backed" on the already existent study of African American literature. Postcolonialism quickly progressed and now encompasses literature from any culture that has been oppressed or colonized. Postcolonialist critics attempt to view the limited views and biases of colonialized countries. They continue to analyze a colonized culture and examine it in a manner of different ways: the culture that existed before the colozination; the culture that exists after the colonization; and the hybrid creations of the two (Bressler 268).

By using Postcolonialism Hemingway is able to create characters that represent the features manifested in a colonized society. Hemingway uses Nick's character to embody untainted innocence. Hemingway wanted to portray the cruel treatment of the Native American's in a way that would substantially impact his readers. What better way to portray the cruel punishment than through the eyes of an innocent child. Previously unexposed to the injustices of life, Nick's journey to the Indian camp is his initiation into adulthood. Nick is able to view this New World with fresh ideas. His naпve and inexperienced mind recognizes the cruel and unwarranted white treatment of the Native Americans. It is important that Nick be the narrator, and bearer of bad news to the audience, so the audience can endure as Nick discovers the wrongs subjected upon the Native Americans. The readers are horrified just as Nick is as he witnesses the labor and birth of the squaw woman, the actions of George, and the suicide of the Native American man. Nick is the only character in the story that expresses any kind of remorse or empathy for the tribe: "Oh, Daddy, can't you give her something to make her stop screaming?" (240).

Provided by Hemingway, the Doctor is representaive of the colonizer's mentality for denying and dismissing their unconscionable actions forced upon the Native American culture. Throughout the story the white characters exemplify the altitude of insignificance toward the Native Americans. The Doctor dismisses the pains of the Native American woman while she is in labor when he says, "No. I haven't any anaesthetic. But her screams are not important. I don't hear them because they are not important" (240). The Doctor fails to validate the screams of this Native American woman. He continues to scoff at her when he performs her caesarian section in a barbaric and savage manner, "That's one for the medical journal, George. Doing a caesarian with a jack-knife and sewing it up with nine-foot, tapered gut leaders..." (241). The Doctor doesn't even have the common courtesy to use the proper tools as he performs her surgery. Hemmingway holds these two actions by the Doctor as representative of the colonizer's mentality. The colonizer would not recognize the cruel harsh reality he was thrusting onto another culture. Egocentric, colonizers viewed themselves as a dominant and superior culture. This notion is crucial to the actions exhibited by the Doctor. He denies that there is anything wrong with the squaw woman and he continues to perform the surgery using mid-evil techniques that he would never exercise upon a white (247).

Hemingway uses George as a key character in this story to embody the oppressive traits of the white colonizers. As the three, Nick, George, and the Doctor, first arrive at the camp, George is passing out cigars. This is an awkward implication because it is appropriate for cigars to be passed out at a new birth by a father, but George should not be the father. Although it is never explicitly stated that George is the father of the squaw woman's child, it is heavily implied. While the woman is in labor George is pacing back and forth in angst instead of the Native American man who is supposedly the father-to-be. The Doctor makes a reference to the squaw woman's husband when he says, "Ought to have a look at the proud father. They're usually the worst sufferers in these little affairs" (241). The irony of this statement is that he is not the father, and that is why he is not participating in the birth or agonizing over her labor. Hemingway uses George in this type of predicament to imply that white society "screwed" the Native American society. In addition to the illegitimate father, Hemingway designates George to the larger role as representing the entire American "white" population. George is the stereotypical colonizer who does what he wants with the Native American tribe, and he does not give them the respect they deserve. His name is representative of the ultimate American culture. The name "George" was chosen to resemble "George Washington" the first American president, who was, like Hemingway's George, a colonizer (248).

Created by Hemingway, a motif is emphasized throughout the story in which the Native Americans experience a loss of their true identity, and adopt the white