African American Theatre

Over the course of approximately one-hundred years there has been a discernible metamorphosis within the realm of African-American cinema. African-Americans have overcome the heavy weight of oppression in forms such as of politics, citizenship and most importantly equal human rights. One of the most evident forms that were withheld from African-Americans came in the structure of the performing arts; specifically film. The common population did not allow blacks to drink from the same water fountain let alone share the same television waves or stage. But over time the strength of the expectant black actors and actresses overwhelmed the majority force to stop blacks from appearing on film. For the longest time the performing arts were the only way for African-Americans to express the deep pain that the white population placed in front of them. Singing, dancing and acting took many African-Americans to a place that no oppressor could reach; considering the exploitation of their character during the 1930's-1960's 'acting' was an essential technique to African American survival.

Although the black performing arts population had to take the road of survival to gain self satisfaction in the theater, it was not painless. For a long time, black people were not allowed on the stage; instead black actors were mocked by white actors in "black face." Black face was a technique where white actors would physically cover their face with black paint and act as a black character. It was from this misrepresentation of the "black actor" that the names tom, coon, mulatto, mammy and buck derived. According to Donald Bogle, none of the types were meant to do great harm, although at various times individual ones did. He proceeds to say, that they were all merely filmic reproductions of black stereotypes that had existed since the days of slavery and were already popularized in American life and arts (4-9).

'The Tom' represented the African-American who was badgered and controlled by the white population. This person was the one who endured all of the abuse from any white person who was in the position of superiority. Bogle defines him as, the harassed hounded, flogged, enslaved, and insulted. They keep the faith, and stay true to their masters always remaining kind and selfless. Thus they endear themselves to white audiences and emerge as heroes of sorts (6). One of the most prevalent plays where this type of black characters emerged was given the name, Uncle Tom's Cabin. This theatrical production came about during the 1850's. It gave an overview of Harriet Beecher Stowe's (a white women who was against slavery) claim that white Americans imagine themselves as suffering slaves. In this production whites in blackface played Tom, Eliza, and Topsy . This construction was very controversial; Michael Rogin gives a brief summary and comment on this in his book, Blackface, Whitenoise:

The production of Uncle Tom's Cabin was not only embracing slaves but also supporting antislavery politics. There was considerable overlap, to be sure, between the proslavery and sentimental abolitionist structures of feeling, for maternalist abolitionism embedded itself in plantation nostalgia. Stowe may speak for freedom, but her heart belongs to the interracial southern home. The fundamental losses required and lamented by Uncles Tom's Cabin point backward to the extended black-and-white Selby family (sans white father) in Kentucky and to the erotic triangle of Tom, St. Clair, and Little Eva (sans white mother) (41).

But just as Stowe attempted to erase the nasty images of blacks, other white playwrights fought back with plays such as Ten Pickaninnies. This production brought to life the image of the 'coon'. The coon represented the no-account niggers, those unreliable, crazy, lazy, subhuman creatures good for nothing more than eating watermelons, stealing chickens, shooting crap, or butchering the English language (Bogle 8). The coon simply appeared in a series of black films presenting the Negro as amusement object and black buffoon. They lacked single-mindedness of tom. The two types of coons included: the pickaninny and the uncle remus. This term geared more towards the black child actor. He was given a harmless title; his eyes were big and prevalent against the black skin (Bogle 7). Uncle Remus is categorized as being the more submissive and nonchalant character, defined by Donald Bogle as quaint and naпve (8). This character is brainwashed into to being pleased with the system and his place in it.

The name's continued with titles such as the 'mulatto' and the 'mammy.' These two names were categorized a lot of times with females. The mulatto was the likeable character who was mixed with white and black blood; her white blood of course created the stereotype that she /he was more superior than any other. The audience leaned more towards a sympathetic side and also believed that the girl's life could have been productive and happy had she not bee a "victim" of divided racial inheritance. The mammy on the other hand was considered the very independent and vicious black woman that was shapely (fat) and bad tempered. This is where the name 'aunt jemima' stemmed from; though the character developed into more of an inferior black character that wedged theirselves into the prevailing white culture. They were the black mammies that were sweet, jovial, genial and they were never head-strong like the mammy. These characters were sometimes referred to as "handkerchief heads." The handkerchief was an article of cloth worn around the head to keep hair in place while completing all of the daily tasks for the masters etc. These characters are still epitomized today with the famous Aunt Jemima pancake mix and syrup. Both of the mammy and aunt jemima premiered in stage productions such as the black version of Lysistrata and Coon Town Suffragettes (Bogle 9 and Jones 129).

One of the most fundamental newcomers to the stage was given the name of the buck. These were the raw 'niggers' that wore no shoes and were the most outrageous of them all. There were two categories: the black brutes and the black bucks. Michael Rogin defines them as having minimal differences; the black brute was a barbaric black out to raise havoc. Audiences could assume that his physical violence served as an outlet for a man who was sexually repressed. The pure black bucks were always big, bad niggers, oversexed and savage, violent and frenzied as they lust for white flesh. In conclusion these were the two characters that revealed the tie between sex and racism. These characters were brought to life with D.W. Griffith's Birth of a Nation. In this production all of the derogatory names mentioned