Charles Lutwidge Dodgson

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was born on January 27, 1832 in Daresbury, England to the Reverend Charles Dodgson and Frances Jane Lutwidge. Charles Dodgson senior was born in 1800 and studied Mathematics and Classics at Oxford. After marrying his cousin Frances, he became curate at All Saints' Church in Daresbury. Ten of their eleven children were born there; Charles junior was the eldest boy. He grew up in a strict Christian household and his parents provided his early education. The family moved to Croft-on-Tees in Yorkshire in 1843, Charles senior becoming a vicar there. Charles' life was filled with great achievements inside his personal life, but success was most found in his contribution to literature and mathematics.

At age twelve, young Charles attended his first real school, The Richmond School, where he was a boarder living in the headmaster's house. His parents found that their eldest song was settling in well and that he, like his father before him, was excelling in mathematics. On his fourteenth Birthday, Charles was enrolled at the famous Rugby School in Warwickshire. Dodgson found himself unhappy in the environment, suffering torment of the older boys for his sensitivity and his stammer. However, he achieved high standards in his studies and received many prizes. Mathematics was still his favorite subject, though he also excelled at divinity.

In spring 1848, Charles caught the whooping cough. He was left with the cough forever, which would return at various times. In fall, he contracted the mumps. He was left partially deaf in his right ear for life. He left Rugby in December 1849 and traveled to Oxford the following May. He enrolled at Christ Church College Oxford, the same college as his father. Unfortunately, he was forced to return home when there was a lack of accommodation for him. In January, he returned to Oxford, having decided to live with Reverend Jacob Ley, a family friend. Two days later, his mother died unexpectedly at only forty-seven. He returned home once more.

Charles' third attempt to attend Oxford was more successful. He worked hard in an attempt to win scholarships. In 1851, he was awarded the Boulter Scholarship worth 20 pounds a year. He was awarded a Fellowship at 25 pounds a year for life after receiving a Second Class in Classics and a First Class in Mathematics. In 1854, Dodgson completed his studies with a Third Class Degree in Classics but First Class honors in Mathematics. He became taken with leisurely activities and failed the win the senior scholarship competitions. Dodgson began tutoring pupils for the Mathematical Examiner. He taught at his father's school in Croft in the summer or 1855. He returned to Oxford in October, this time was a Mathematics Lecturer. Dodgson remained in his position of lecturing on Mathematics until 1881.

When visiting an uncle in 1855, Dodgson became interested in photography. He soon purchased his own camera in March 1856 and began taking pictures. He took pictures of the landscapes and architecture but especially the people around him. One of Dean Henry George Liddell's daughter's, Alice, was one of Charles' favorite subjects. He also photographed the children of Lord Alfred Tennyson and George Macdonald. According to Alice Liddell, Dodgson "seemed to have an endless store of these fantastical tales, which he made up as he told them, drawing busily on a large sheet of paper all the time." In 1862, Dodgson began to write down his stories, at Alice Liddell's request. After three years of editing and adding, he published Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. He used the pseudonym "Lewis Carroll", translating "Charles Lutwidge" into Latin ("Carolus Lodovicus"), then anglicizing and reversing their order. He wrote and published a sequel in 1871, Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There.

During this time, and throughout much of the mid-19th century, Dodgson authored many mathematical books. He published A Syllabus of Plane Algebraical Geometry and Two Books of Euclid in 1860, The Formulae of Plane Trigonometry in 1861, Condensation of Determinants in 1866, Elementary Treatise on Determinants in 1867, Examples of Arithmetic in 1874, Euclid and His Modern Rivals in 1879, Curiosa Mathematica Part I: A new Theory of Parallels in 1888, and Curiosa Mathematica Part II: Pillow Problems Throughout Our Sleepless Nights in 1893. His children's tales would be remembered forever though only one of his mathematics books would hold any historical interest, Euclid and His Modern Rivals (1879). It was written as a defense of using Euclid's Elements to teach Geometry. The book is written as a play where Euclid defends his book as a ghost. He wrote at as an offense to the changing methods of teaching classical geometry.

An early contribution Charles attempted to make to the mathematical world involved the squaring the circle problem that has been around since approximately 1650 B.C.

In 1875, C. L. Dodgson began working on a computationally simple approximation method for would-be circle squarers that would convince them of the futility of their attempts. [...] His work on the problem continued until 1893. [...] Some would-be circle squarers were able to derive reasonable approximations for pi from their constructions, while others argued for abysmally poor ones. Probably the chief recipient of failed quadrature attempts in the 19th century was Augustus DeMorgan. When DeMorgan died, Charles Dodgson took up the burden of refuting the circle-squarers' faulty arguments. Dodgson never finished the work, but enough of it remains in manuscript form to demonstrate that his approach was unusual. He introduced a method to compute approximations for pi that was efficient and simpler than the prevailing method using Machin's and Gregory's series, and he provided an intuitively appealing setting that demonstrated the strong connection between the early geometric attempts at quadrature and the newer analytic ones. [...] Dodgson intended to call his pamphlet "The Limits of Circle-Squaring: Simple Facts for Circle-Squarers." Four undated proof sheets containing two theorems undoubtedly intended for an early chapter are in the Warren Weaver Collection in the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas. The introductory chapter, written in 1882, was printed in a limited edition in The Lewis Carroll Centenary, Special Edition (1932) from the manuscript in the Parrish Collection in the Princeton University library. Only in the Parrish Collection do we find the theorems linking this approximation method with the Euclidean constructions that would have enabled a misguided circle-squarer to apprehend his own errors. [...] Charles was trying to provide "a "do-it-yourself-kit"