Cloning

Cloning has been an ethical and moral issue since the idea was first developed. There are many uses for investigating into this technology and many diseases that can be cured once the technology is understood. However, many of the methods in which the technology is developed and many of the uses of the technology destroy lives and only do harm. Much good can come from cloning and stem cell research, but we must be careful as to how we use this powerful technology.

A stem cell is an unspecified cell that can regenerate itself and also turn into more specific types of cells that do more specific functions in the body (skin cells and blood cells for example). Since these cells have the ability to turn into any type of cell in the human body, they have the potential to be very useful. Medically it may one day be possible to cure many diseases, and reproduce human organs for transplant using stem cells. The benefits of using stem cells are innumerable, however, the means for obtaining the cells is very controversial. The cells have to be taken from a human embryo, the earliest stage of human development.

The cells are obtained by joining a human egg and sperm, and creating an embryo. The embryo is stopped from developing into a human so that it's stem cells can be used. This is where the controversy begins, is it ethical to stop the embryo from developing into a human being, to benefit those who are already living? In order to answer this question, it is necessary to clearly define what life is and in what way it is acceptable or unacceptable to control it.

Life is considered to be any form of cells that will eventually become a human being by the Church, including a lump of stem cells that is formed during any cloning process. However, to the Law of the United States, an embryo isn't human until the moment of birth. This is one of the main points of discrepancy between the opinions of the Church and the U.S. Government. If all parties believed that life began at the same point, the moral and ethical issues involved with cloning and stem cell research would be a non-issue.

At the present, there are two main types, or reasons, to use the cloning technology, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning involves a direct copy of the DNA of a person, to create a new human completely artificially. Therapeutic cloning involves stopping the cloned embryo in it's early stages to extract and use the stem cells for various medical reasons. Neither of these types of cloning have been perfected, or used widely on humans. Much research in the United States is met with heated debate over the issues associated with it.

It is widely agreed that reproductive cloning should be banned internationally. This form of cloning bypasses the usual movement and combining of genes that produces a unique individual, having predictable negative effects on the human gene pool. Dolly the sheep, who was cloned from the DNA of another sheep, suffered from lung cancer and a crippling case of arthritis before she was put to sleep. Similar effects have been seen in the cloning of mice and other cloned animals. In fact, it has been hard to get good data on the life span of clones because most of them die at such an early age. The same side effects would be prevalent in human clones. For this reason, many do not and should not condone human cloning.

Also, the mental effects on the clone themselves would be significant. The mere way in which the clone is brought into existence would have effects on how he or she is treated throughout their entire life. Even though they are completely human, and deserve respect as such, a clone would be viewed as an artifact of human scientific accomplishment, and looked on as more of a zoo exhibit than a person. They would be thought of as brought about by the will of another person, and not existing for their own self; a replacement commodity instead of an unrepeatable and unique miracle. The act of reproductive cloning is disrespectful to the dignity of all human beings.

Therapeutic cloning is the harvesting of stem cells from an embryonic cell in it's earliest stages of development, thus stopping the cell from developing into a human. At this time, many cells gained this way act abnormally and are found to have deficiencies in several of the genes. These will produce daughter cells with deficiencies, possibly leading to cancer or other disorders within the human body. When someone infected with mutated stem cells decides to procreate, the problematic DNA will spread into their offspring, causing even greater problems.

Besides the technical difficulties scientists are currently having with therapeutic cloning, there are many moral and ethical questions that need to be addressed. Many do not consider this type of cloning to be as unethical as reproductive cloning because a human being is not created. In fact, the opposite is true. In reproductive cloning, a child is given the chance to live, innocent of it's method of origin. In therapeutic cloning, the child is denied existence before it even has a chance to develop, so that it can be used for the benefit of others.

It is the belief of the Church that both forms