Communities and Urbanization

COMMUNITIES & URBANIZATION

Introduction

George Murdock once said that a community is one of the two truly universal units of society organization, the other one being family (Schaefer, 461). We are all part of a community, and in many cases, we are a part of multiple ones. In chapter 20 of our textbook, we are looking at communities and urbanization. It discusses urbanization and how communities originate. It also looks at the different types of communities. Communities are defined as "a spatial or political unit of social organization that gives people a sense of belonging" (Schaefer, 548). It can be based on a place of residence, such as a city, neighborhood, or a particular school district. It could also be based on common identity, such as gays, the homeless, or the deaf.

Lets take a look at communities and urbanization through the functionalist perspective, the conflict perspective, and symbolic interaction. According to the functionalist perspective, communities are very much structured to maintain their stability as a society. When you look at such things as urban ecology, it is a prime example, because it looks at how different elements in urban areas contribute to stability (Schaefer, 464). According to the conflict perspective, communities are very much structured in a way that separates different communities by certain conflicts. You have the upper class of a community, and then you have the lower working class. You have black and Jews, and then you have the KKK. All these things cause different communities to be separated and structured to unify each different community. One very example of the conflict perspective in this chapter is new urban sociology. Symbolic interaction can be viewed many different ways according to communities. Anywhere from the upper class using very proper etiquette and high posture, to gays wearing a piercing only on their right ear. You also have your working class that may look older and more rigid than the officials and owners of companies who have not had to do a lot of manual work throughout their lives. The list can go on and on. All of these are ways that symbolic interaction helps to set up different communities.

How did communities originate?

A community is a spatial or political unit of social organization that gives people a sense of belonging. The community has changed over time, from hunting, fishing and gathering societies or highly modernized postindustrial cities. Early Communities used the basic tools and what they have learned to survive. For food they would have to go hunting, foraging for fruits or vegetables, fishing and herding. Back then they didn't have what we had; they had to depend on the physical environment and what they could use in their own environment. It was no longer necessary to move from place to place for food, people were able to create crops for farming. As time went on agricultural techniques grew more sophisticated and division of labor became developed. People were able to produce more food than they needed so that's how exchanging foods came about. This was a critical step in the emergence of cities. People were able to produce enough food for themselves and for people who didn't involve themselves in farming. It leads to expansions of goods, leading greater differentiation, a hierarchy of occupations and social inequality. Surplus was a precondition not only for the establishment of cities but for a division of members of a community into social classes. The ability to produce goods for other communities marked a fundamental shift in human social organization.

Preindustrial cities, as it is termed generally had only a few thousand people living within borders and was characterized by relatively closed class system and limited mobility. In these early cities you were based on characteristics such as family background and education. All of the people living in those towns depended on about 100,000 farmers and their own part-time farming. There were many reasons why these early cities were so small and relatively few. Reliance on animal power (both humans and of burden) as a source of energy for economic production, people had to limit the use of the physical environment. Modest levels of surplus produced by the agricultural sector, as many as 90 farmers had to feed the whole city and take care of them when it came to food. Problems in transportation and the storage of food and other goods if they didn't have anywhere to put the food or if they had no way of getting it to the town they were out of luck. Hardships of migrations to the city for many people who were poor moving from place to place was impossible, even to travel would be impossible because they would have no way of keeping food fresh for the trip. Dangers of city life focusing on the population left the city open to outsiders and it was easier for plagues and fires to occur. Gideon Sjoberg (1960) examined the available information on early urban settlements in medieval Europe, India, and China. He came up with three preconditions of city life: 1) advanced technology in both agricultural nonagricultural areas, 2) favorable physical environment and 3) a well-developed social organization. So Gideon Sjoberg was defining that proximity to use coal and iron only helps if a society knows how to use these natural resources, just like using the river for transportation and for farming.

Industrial and Postindustrial Cities, The industrial revolution which began in the middle of the 18th century it focused on not using animals for laboring tasks. Industrialization had a great effect on people and the way they lived and how their communities structured. Emerging urban settlements became centers not only of industry but also of banking, finance and industrial management. Factory systems came into play more often in preindustrial cities and a lot more items were able to be made because of factories. The industrial city was not merely more populous than its preindustrial predecessors; it was based on very different principle of social organization. Preindustrial cities can be compared to industrial cities to have more open class system and more social mobility. After initiatives in industrial cities by women's rights groups, labor unions, formal education became available to many children from poor and working-class families. Gender, race and age were important but your