Compare and Contrast the Chesapeake and New England Colonies

Compare and Contrast the Chesapeake and New England colonies

The dawn of the 1600's brought about a new chapter in American history. The United States experienced an influx of almost 400,000 Europeans and 350,000 Africans, most of which were (indentured) servants. Most settlers, seeking the benefits of unclaimed land, migrated into the West Indies, Mid-Atlantic, New England, or South regions/colonies. It would be the differences between these groups that would set them apart from each other for several years to come. Differences not only between environment and geography, but also between motives, politics, religious beliefs and business aspirations would eventually lead to the American Civil War two hundred years later. New Englander's immediately faced a harsh first winter then quickly flourished and experienced a rather successful immigration into several colonies. Chesapeake's early history consists of difficult times. They experienced trouble with many social and economic forces that suppressed their culture for many decades. A further look into these two regions will allow us to see the similarities and differences of early English life in America.

The first New England settlement consisted of a fishing village named Salem in 1629. 1000 new settlers quickly spread and found the nearby colonies of Dorchester, Roxbury, Boston, Charlestown, and Cambridge. During the early years movement served the purpose of locating the richest soil, best neighbors, and the most charismatic minister. By 1645, however, most New Englander's were settled, and society became a very tight and closed community. Their farming towns often refused strangers and slaves to avoid tainting their religion. The towns had become distinct from the church congregation. Most settlers chose farms on the edge of town, while others chose open-field agriculture (where farmers owned part of the land and the town decided what to grow). The open-field arrangement did not survive past the first generation of towns' people. The New Englanders were heavily tied to and dependent on their religious beliefs. It was these beliefs that encouraged (or required) individuals to settle in very compact villages and towns where they could closely monitor each other's lives for sin.

In the Chesapeake regions, individuals had a different agenda. Most came to America for unclaimed and untitled land. What resulted were settlers in the South which were very spread out, separated by long walking distances. They each sought the best and most fertile lands from which to grow tobacco and other agriculture. The South quickly became a region of thinly spread towns and villages. This caused some political implications because people were more difficult to govern. Trade was hindered by some, however, many was able to use local rivers for trade and exports of their tobacco and other products.

New England settlers came primarily from the middle class English society. Most of them were property owners which liquidated their assets for their future homes in America. Society was overbearing patriarchal where the fathers did not pass land to their sons before death. The settlers who survived the first winter found themselves in surprisingly good health. European disease was no longer a threat and the new continent did not bring any new ones. Life expectancy for men exceeded 80 (better than their homeland) and child mortality and death during childbirth shrank considerably.

Chesapeake men heavily outnumbered the women five to one. The population began to grow for the first time around 1680 when births began to outnumber deaths. Life expectancy slowly improved with time but remained much lower than England (contrasting with New England's higher life expectancy). Most men and women died between 45 and 50 and disease, such as malaria, caused many problems. Although New England patriarchal system held strong, 70 percent of Chesapeake men either never married or failed to produce children, thus creating a breakdown in patriarchy. Men were, on average, eight to ten years older than women in marriage. Since men had a shorter life expectancy, this led to some unique social issues such as many orphans, stepparents, and lack of family depth (grandparents).

The New England colony was committed to free labor. In order for them to prosper they had to trade with more typical colonies that grew tobacco and sugar with slave labor. Many Chesapeake colonies trade began with a strong relationship of nearby Native American leader, Powhatan. Unfortunately, a heavy stream of newcomers constantly threatened the food supply and their relationship was strained. Opechancanough assumed leadership, after his brother Powhatan died, and quickly launch an offensive against the settlers. Strife in the region over the next few years averted many trade attempts between the Indians and settlers, causing many settlers to die of starvation.

New England Puritans fled to America to escape God's wrath on England (which they believed to be Europe's Thirty Years' War). Many settled in Massachusetts Bay which adopted a system they called the covenant theology. This belief speaks of two covenants God made with man. The first, covenant of works, God made with Adam and said he would not die as long as he obeyed God's command. Adam broke this covenant so he and all of his descendants will experience death. This led God to his second covenant which is the covenant of grace, whereas God will save his chosen people. Both covenants remained in place. Although the covenant of works could not grant eternal life, it was a means of moral standards that every Christian must abide by and strive for in their daily walk with God. The New England Puritans organized into churches where the founders agreed to preach the true Gospel and would discipline appropriately. In return, God would grant his chosen people within the church the covenant of grace. As a whole the New England colony agreed to obey God's law in return for promised prosperity. They believed in supporting magistrates' punishment of sinners. By doing this God would not punish the whole community.

The Chesapeake region looked to be a refuge for persecuted English and Irish Catholics. Cecilius, George Calvert's son, believed Catholics and their Protestant servants could live in peace. Once the Protestants received their freedom, they acquired land and multiplied, quickly outnumbering the Catholics. Baron Baltimore was left little choice but to grant freedom of worship to all Christians in 1649. Many Maryland Protestants lacked ministers and established churches until the late 1600's.

New