Conformity and Obedience

Conformity and Obedience

Why do we conform? Two basic sources of influence: normative social influence, the need to be liked, accepted by others and Informational influence: need to be correct and to behave in accordance with reality.

Solomon Asch (1956) devised an experiment to see if subjects would conform even if they were uncertain that the group norm was incorrect. In his study he asked subjects to take part in an experiment. They were each asked to match a standard length line with three other lines.

He found that one of the situational factors of conformity is the size of the opposing majority. In a series of studies he varied the number of confederates that gave correct answers from 1 -15. He found that subjects conformed to a group of 3 or 4 as readily as they did to a larger group. Some of the subjects indicated afterward that they assumed the rest of the people were correct and that their own perceptions were wrong. Others knew they were correct but didn't want to be different from the rest of the group. Some even insisted that they saw the line lengths as the majority claimed to see them.

Asch and his students did many variations of the study for example they altered the differences between the line lengths making them much smaller and so the correct answer was much less certain, this showed that the conformity increased. What seems to happen is that we have more need for a groups input as a task becomes more difficult. If in the beginning of Asch's experiment we conformed because we didn't want to be embarrassed then in the more ambiguous situation we also 'conform' because we are less sure of ourselves and so the others in the group become our source of information. This is an example of the difference between normative influence and informational influence. Normative influence is where we have a need psychologically to be accepted and do not want to risk not being accepted. Humans have a need for social approval by conforming then we are fulfilling this need. Non conformity can sometimes result in disapproval or social isolation where as conforming can result in approval and social acceptance.

Informational influence is based on the desire to be right, individuals look to others for guidance when they are unsure of what to do or how to behave in a situation. This often occurs in situations such as first formal dinner party or first day in a new job, observation of other people who appear to know what the norm of a situation are can be used to select appropriate behaviour.

Sometimes you can conform because you feel that you are inferior to someone. For example I was in a quiz with a team of 4-6 people and they were a mixture of doctors, teachers and business managers regardless of their ages but simply based on their professions, I would assume that they were all far more intelligent than myself and would go along with whatever answers they gave, rather than voice my opinion unless I was 100% certain just to avoid embarrassing myself. If I was on a quiz with the same amount of people but they were in similar jobs to me, then I would be much more likely to argue and disagree with answers even if I wasn't 100% certain because I would view them as equal to my level of intelligence.

It is therefore safe to say that conformity is very much based on an individuals self esteem and confidence and will vary in different situations and settings. Some people will also conform not to cause any arguments and therefore keep their opinions and thoughts to themselves rather than face conflict.

Most people will conform to the majority so what about the minority then? Moscovici et al (1969) conducted a study which involved two stages, the first stage consisted of 6 females, 2 of which were confederates they were all shown slides and asked to say what colour they were, they were all blue slides and their brightness varied. The confederates said some of them were green and although only 1% in the control group included green in their answers. The second stage the subjects were placed in cubicles individually and shown slides which were different colours, those that had been in the minority influence previously were now saying that the slides were green. Moscovici found that consistency in the minority was important in winning over the majority with respect to the colour of the slides.

Not all decisions are made from a majority influence. For example, the suffragettes started a movement in 1920 which changed the public and private opinion allowing women to have the right to vote in western society. As long as a minority stick by four basic rules then they stand a good chance of succeeding in their campaign. They need to be Consistent in their views, Flexible not too rigid in their views, Committed to the cause until it's heard and Relevant, they have more chance of being influential if their views are in line with social trends.

Another experiment that psychologists use in respect of conformity and obedience is an experiment that was carried out by a psychologist named Stanley Milgram. He recruited 40 male participants by advertising for volunteers to take part in a study to see how punishment affects learning. The study was to take place at Yale University and everyone would be paid the same rate of $4.50 and they were informed that they would still get paid if they quit during the study.

There were two confederates one an experimenter and the other a learner. The participants were always the teacher. The teacher was placed with the psychologist in one room and the learner in a separate room. The teacher was then to ask the learner questions and if an incorrect answer was given then they were to administer and electric shock to them, these shocks were of an increased strength at each incorrect answer. The learner gave mainly wrong answers and received his shocks (or so the teacher thought) as the voltage increased the learner began to bang the wall and shout and scream as though in pain. As the reactions began, the teachers would hesitate but the psychologist in his white coat would say that it was 'absolutely essential that you continue':- the teachers did continue even though some of them showed signs of believing they were inflicting pain and had sweats, trembles and some were said to have full blown seizures. 65% of the participants in this study went all the way and gave 450 volts. 65% is rather incredible but let's say it had been exaggerated. Say its only 10% our population is roughly 250 million 10% of that is still 25 million.

After the experiment Milgram did debrief the participants and gave them all examinations a year later none of them showed any signs of psychological harm.

Just like Aschs experiment, Milgram's has been altered to find the affects of other