Define Historical Thinking Skills. Which Other Disciplines Do Historians Use?

Whap Semester Exam Review

Define historical thinking skills. Which other disciplines do historians use?

Historical context

Intended Audience

Purpose

Perspective

Other related pieces of information/ outside information

Type of Source

Missing/unacknowledged aspect

anthropology, archaeology

primary sources, secondary sources

Know tenets, founders, origin, practices, and symbols of these belief systems

Hinduism

Polytheistic religion with no known founder

Karma- Doing caste duties (personal dharma- moral law combined with spiritual discipline that guides one life) means you are reincarnated (born into a being in your next life) higher caste (jati)

Original concepts brought over by Aryans from Indo European plain

Vedas - hindu scripture, written in early Sanskrit

Hindu mystics (gurus, brahmans) who were the teachers of the imperial court of the Guptas.

Brahma is the basic holy essence. Every living creature is a part of it. The divine aspects of it are manifested in the forms of gods.

Caste system led to unhappiness among the lower castes due to the fact that they were unable to change their status in a lifetime. Dislike of caste system enabled Buddhism to gain a foothold in society.

Confucianism

Philosophy created by Kong Fuzi (Confucius) around Era of Warring States (402-201 BCE) in Zhou China

Filial Piety- respect your elders

5 Relationships: Friends, Father-Son, Husband-Wife, Ruler-Subject, Brothers

Subject’s behaviour modeled leader’s decisions

Confucianism is a system of ethics - “do unto others as your status and theirs dictate”

Confucian doctrine was preserved in the Analects

It emphasized the importance of the gentlemen (shi class)

Goodness of human nature

Daoism

Founded by Lao Zi, Arose around the same time and place as Confucianism, a more religious philosophy

Embraces traditional Chinese beliefs with nature’s mysterious harmony

“Dao” means the way of nature

Principle of Yin Yang states that opposites fit together and depend on each other for harmony (i.e., darkness and light, life and death)

Legalism (btw this wasn’t on the review, but if u want go for it)

Adopted by Qin empire

Everyone is naturally evil - due to the required discipline

Formed around Confucianism and Daoism in China

Their leaders had pride in their pragmatism (the assessment of beliefs due to their practicality)

Believed that the army should control and the people did the labor

Buddhism

Founded in India by prince Siddhartha Gautama, in 560 b.c.e, he was later called buddha or “enlightened one”

Alternative to Hinduism and the Caste system, appealed to low castes

Still believes in reincarnation but there was the possibility of spiritual rewards after life

Buddhists denied the authority of the Hindu priests because they didn’t believe in the caste system

Emphasized equality (egalitarian)

Nirvana - Escaping reincarnation cycle by following the eightfold path and enlightenment, state of tranquility

Eight Fold Path-the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.

Life is full of suffering

Zoroastrianism

Persian religion

Zoroaster revised the polytheistic ways of the Sumerians with monotheism

Animistic religion that saw material existence as a battle between good and evil

Moral choice was very important (ex you have the free choice of God rather than a spirit of evil)

Morally righteous lived on in the “House of Song” (similar to a heaven concept), evil were condemned to eternal pain

Banned animal sacrifice and the use of intoxicants

Faded away due to the popular Islamic belief

Christianity (Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox)

Jesus of Nazareth - prophet and teacher among the Jews, believed to be the Messiah

Monotheistic- all powerful God with heaven and hell

Worship god and fellowship with believers

Spiritual equality, appeal to poor

Paul of Tarsus was one of the first Christian missionaries

Benedict of Nursia - founder of monasticism in the western half of the Roman empire

Council of Nicaea determined the orthodoxy with respect to the Trinity

Pope v. Patriarch- Roman and Eastern churches split in 1054 (THE GREAT SCHISM), Crusades 1095

Pope was the bishop of Rome and head of the Christian Church in Western Europe

Islam (Sunni/Shi’a Split)

Founded by Prophet Muhammad (570-632), revelations in Mecca 610 via angel Gabriel

Quran/Koran is the holy book, written in Arabic, language that