Devil in the White City

Write an essay discussing the historical insights presented in Erik Larson's Devil in the White City, being sure to answer the following questions: In what ways does the Chicago World's Fair of 1893 represent the contrasts and conflicts of the Gilded Age? What is the Fair's lasting imprint on American society & culture, & what new trends does it signal for the twentieth century?

Although the Chicago World's fair of 1893 only lasted 6 months, I had an enormous impact on the city of Chicago, its people, and indeed the entire country. Up until that point in its history, the US had done nothing on the scale of the world's fair, and was regarded as a country of barbarians and cowboys by much of the world, especially Old Europe. The fair was a perfect way for the US to disprove this. In building the fair, they would be placed in direct competition with France, who had built a magnificent fair only a few years before. If Chicago could at least build a fair on par with the Paris fair, it would prove to the world that the US was a cultural, military and political force to be reckoned with. Because of the fair's gigantic scale, it became a microcosm of the conflicts and the tenor of the times. In effect, the fair was the turning point between the old Victorian days and the modern era, technologically, culturally, politically, and in the hearts of the people of the US and the world.

The United States of the Gilded Age was not the superpower is it today. At best, it was considered a powerful manufacturing and industrial country, but little more. Culturally and politically, it was an upstart to the relatively old and established European powers of the day. At this point in history, much of the American West was still frontier country, relatively undeveloped. The North east, especially New York, was the only part of the US considered by the world to be somewhat civilized and cultured. Even what we think of as east today, most notably Chicago, was thought of as uncivilized. Getting the World's Fair in Chicago was their chance to prove otherwise. It was also a chance for the whole country to prove its cultural power. With the Fair's success came new respect from the world, particularly Europe. The US was no longer viewed as much as a second rate power with no culture of its own and no global influence. The fair would set the stage for the US to have the huge global influence on politics and culture that it has today.

The fair was a marvel of construction, planning and architecture for the day. Never had anything on that scale, in the time frame that was given, been attempted. In around 2 years, the builders terraformed a piece of blasted wasteland into the finished product. They built massive buildings on ground that was basically quicksand before they started. Olmstead landscaped the whole site, with construction going on, in a period of months. The construction effort suffered many setbacks and disasters, with the wind and rain destroying many buildings as they were being built. They built the fair in these trying conditions, with labor problems, it was a miracle.

The Fair, with its mix of East and West and everything in between, became a microcosm of the country that was building it. In it, you see all the conflicts that were going on in the country at the time. Probably the most obvious is the labor that built the fair. At this point in history, the working class of the country, and indeed the world, were slowly, but unstoppably moving toward unionization, fairer working conditions and change that is very much the same as the working class of today. You also saw the unchecked, without government regulated capitalism, and the very strong personalities of the men who ran the fair. In my opinion, it was the personalities of the leaders of the fair, as much as anything, that resulted in its amazing pace and scale of construction being pulled off. Burnham is a classic example of the Robber Barons of the day, with the idea of "the fair comes first". You see in the fair the unsafe working conditions for low level workers that pervaded the industrial base of the day. You also see a callous disregard for human life. But within all of this, Burnham was very progressive in his approach to his labor force. He realized that the higher the morale of his men, the faster and better they would build. You also see the introduction of the 8 hour workday, and near the end of the fair the carpenters received overtime pay and extra pay on holidays. The idea of overtime was revolutionary at the time. Within the Fair's construction you can better see the progressive labor movement that was sweeping the world at the time. The fair can be considered a turning point for American labor.

The term gilded means something of little value that is covered by a precious metal, usually gold, to make it look more valuable. Mark Twain coined the term "Gilded Age". It is an appropriate analogy for a time when the very rich lived in the lap of luxary, and the very poor starved to death. It was a time when the middle class we have today didn't exist in the numbers that they do today. The Fair is an appropriate analogy, both physically and metaphorically to the guilded age. Physically, the fair was designed to look magificant and permanent, and like it had been there for ages. In reality, it was constructed of a material that looked like real stone, but was really just a plaster mix that wouldn't last very long. All of the landscaping was done very quickly, in only a few months. Many of the buildings were not structurally sound, and the ground that the fair was built on was a blasted wasteland that was covered up with landscaping to look beautiful. So even phycially, the fair was representative of the Gilded age. Metaphorically, the fair was a very shiny, perfect world in a time and place that was anything but perfect. The city it was built in, Chicago, was dirty, filled with trash and excrement. It was corrupt, with political machines and powerful, rich men controlling the city. In effect, the white city was the opposite of the city that hosted it, at least on the surface. Underneath, the same forces that moved Chicago had a hand in the construction, planning and financing of the fair. Even the bringing of the fair to Chicago was entirely a political affair.