Dorothea Lange

Mother. The very word, for most, conjures up the notion of comfort, safety, and unconditional love. This idea of motherhood is capture in Dorothea Lange's picture, Migrant Mother. When one views the picture, one is struck by the tired look in her eyes and the hope for a better situation down the road. One has to wonder if Dorothea viewed this picture from a psychoanalytic perspective, social or formal analysis when constructing the actual shot. Knowing this adds an even greater depth to an understanding of what the photographer was trying to say, what kind of message she had for the world.

Actually, the Migrant Mother is a series of shots that Lange took in 1936 on behalf of the Resettlement Administration. Lange, on commission from this council, followed migrant workers in California for the course of a month's time, photographing them for a report (Maksel).

The 1930's especially marked the worst economic collapse the United States had ever faced and is typically referred to as the Depression Era. Unemployment was rampant, forcing many to migrate from place to place looking for work. In the case of the woman Dorothea photographed, she was a migrant farm worker. Unfortunately, the economy hit hard for them too, as the soil was exhausted and the dustbowl did not allow for the growth of sizeable crops. Many migrant farm workers whose only source of income and sustenance were devastated by the effects of the Depression. It is debateable as to whether Roosevelt's New Deal actually did as he proposed, but what it seems to have accomplished was to produce a type of government activism that brought about such additions to the government as Social Security, the FDIC for banks, and relief for these migrant workers. Dorothea and her pictures can be thought to have been of tremendous value and influence during this time.

Though many might disagree, photography can lend itself to the same status as paintings and other such works of art. Consider that done right, photography has the ability to capture a moment in time and forever suspend it for the viewer. These moments in time can serve to epitomize an era, a mood and in some cases can even tell us something about ourselves.

In this case, then, capturing these historic moments on film becomes more than someone snapping shots for a state department report. Though ostensibly that was what Lange was there for, it has to be said that observing the rest of the series of shots in that Mother Migrant grouping that he set the shots up with as much care as an artist does in choosing subject, lighting and message.

In fact, the same factors come into play for a photographer as for an artist. Consider that like the artist, the photographer had to choose something that will communicate the message or mood as simply and directly as is possible, using such elements as lighting, balance of composition, focal point, and in the case photography, communicative body posture or language.

Consider, also, that many of the classic photos of our time have been based on primal symbols, such as the triangle, or the Madonna. In fact, it is the Madonna image that one especially sees in the Migrant Mother picture. Knowing this and seeing this at the moment that it is happening, is what made Lange more than a state department worker, and gave to the world an enduring icon. The image of the mother holding her child in the crook of her arm is touchingly reminiscent of many classical depictions of the Madonna with the infant Christ. That this woman is a displaced person, a migrant worker, seems to make a statement about the holiness of motherhood, and perhaps makes a statement about religion during the Depression Era...it too was displaced, looking for a permanent place to live.

Later interviewed about the picture, Lange would state:

"You know there are moments such as these when time stands still and all you do is hold your breath and hope it will wait for you. And you just hope you have enough time to get it organized in a fraction of a second on that tiny piece of sensitive film. Sometimes you have an inner sense that you have encompassed the thing generally. You know then that you are not taking anything away from anyone, their privacy, their dignity, their wholeness (Ohrn, 24).

Generally speaking, the pictures were taken using a Graflex camera with the resulting negatives being 4x5 inch film(Ohrn 24). From the notes that Lange made of these migrant workers, nearly all of them were starving after a frost had killed most of the peas that they were picking. As a result, they were living off of what peas they could find and birds which the children managed to hunt and kill. Most had sold nearly everything of value that they owned, including their tents and tires on the cars. Migrant Mother, it has been said, did not allow the nation to turn a blind eye to the difficulties and the plight of people brought on by the Depression. Dispossessed by drought, the face of a starving mother surround by her equally hungry children is a startling commentary on an uncomfortable subject. By photographing such stark subjects, it has to be thought that Lange hoped to garner support for creating federally created and supported migrant camps in California.

A good case can be made for the use of formal analysis by the artist in the picture as there are a number of recurring triangles in the shot. The mother and her children also form many triangles in the shot. The mother is the center of the visual triangle with a child on either side of her. There is very little space between any of them. This is repeated in several more places in the pictures. Most obvious are those created by the bending elbows of both the woman and the child hiding her face behind the woman's left shoulder. Also, a triangle is formed with the sleeping baby as the base of the triangle. As the figures overlap and touch one another, shadows form which are also triangular in shape.

It would seem that the photographer is utilizing a social theory in the depiction of these messages, as well as a type of formalism. For example, the light which shines on the mother's face is not soft, but harsh and bright which serves to illuminate all of the gauntness in her face. The children are not softened by the glare, either, and they appear harsh and rough. This is a type of social documentary photography, whose aim is to incite or inspire people to take action either for or against what is represented in the photograph.

Little or no psychological analysis seems to have been done by the photographer, other than she has intimated that she was 'drawn' to the woman and her children. That she didn't ask the woman her name, or interact with the woman at all, very much, is indicative of the fact that Lange was simply