Flhd Notes
Essay by review • December 16, 2010 • Study Guide • 1,969 Words (8 Pages) • 1,459 Views
Principles of Development
Cephalocaudal (top to bottom)
- Head= ј length at birth
- Head- 1/8 length as an adult
 Proximodistal - midpoint to extremitites
 Most children follow similar developmental patterns
 Individual rates of growth and development
 Rates of development are not uniform among developmental domains of individual children
Physical Growth in First Two Years
 Most notable time for physical changes
 In each of the first 12 months they grow almost an inch (20 in. - 30in.)
 In 1st year birth weight usually doubles by 4 months and usually triples by 1 year ( 7 - 22lbs.)
 head-sparing-- biological protection of the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects the body growth
Survival Reflexes
 Breathing - maintain oxygen supply
 Rooting, sucking, and swallowing - manage feeding
 Eyeblink
 Crying and kicking - maintain body temperature
Primitive Reflexes
 Grasping - Disappears at around 4th month
 Moro - Startle reflex. Throws arms out and then inward (embracing). Disappears around 5th month.
 Babinski - Toes fan outward, and then curl. Disappears around end of 1st year.
Gross Motor Skills
-Involve large muscles and body movements
- crawling, walking, running
- Cephlocaudal development
Fine Motor Skills
Small, finely tuned movements such as finger dexterity
 Proximal development
successful grabbing (6 months)
fingering, pointing, and holding
grasping a moving object
transferring objects from hand to hand
adjusting reach
Sensory and Perceptual Capacities
 All senses function at birth
 Sensation = the response of sensory system when it detects stimulus
 Begins with outer organ--nose eyes etc.
 Perception = mental procession of sensory info. When brain interprets sensation
 Begins in the brain and requires experience
 Cognition = thinking about what was perceived
 Habituation = process of becoming familiar with stimulus, lessened response
Newborn Abilities
 Touch - Emerges between 71/2 and 14 weeks of embryronic development
 sensitive to touch, temperature, pressure, and pain
 mouth area especially sensitive ( rooting and nursing )
Vision
 Tend to be nearsighted, visual acuity or sharpness is imperfect.
 Vision is the least mature sense at birth
 Newborn acuity - 20/200-20/600
 6 months - 20/40 - 20/100
 12 months - 20/20
 Infants react to color, contrast, contour, and movement
 Set focal distance between 4 and 30in.
 Depth perception occurs by age 6 months
 Visual experience combined with visual cortex maturation improves vision
 Visual changes allow stimulation and improves brain development
Hearing
 Responsive to human voice and higher pitches ( motherese )
 Hearing begins prenatally
 Startled by loud sudden sounds and soothed by soft rhythmic sounds
 Can distinguish sounds and locate objects by sound
 Differentiate speech sounds by 1 month
Newborn Abilities
 Taste - Prefer sweet over bitter or sour
 Addition of saccharine to amniotic fluid increase swallowing rate
 Mouth sensitive to: taste, temperature, pressure, and texture
 Taste buds functioning from 4th month post conception
 Smell - Can recognize nursing mother by smell after a few days
 Food habits begin early
 Template for food preferences begins early
Early Brain Development
-Most critical biosocial aspect of growth
- Newborn's skull disproportionately large
- At birth, 25% of adult brain weight
- By age 2, 75% of adult brain weight
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