Hip Hip

The Introduction

Hip hop as a ding an sich is marked by some confusion. Consider the name; is it "hip hop," "hip-hop" or "hiphop"? You will see all three used in titles in this bibliography. Hip hop is, at the same time, a cultural phenomenon that developed in the late 70's in the projects in Brooklyn and the Bronx, and a musical style from that phenomenon. Nevertheless, hip hop has become a pervasive element of popular culture, as witnessed by this bibliography. There are hip hop exercise videos, children's books as well as books, magazines, magazine articles and theses about it.

Before we get to the bibliography, a brief hip hop history is in order. Hip hop began in the mid- to late 70's, but its roots are much older (indeed, hip hop's use of music from other genres is reflected in Renaissance parody masses). According to one source, the roots of this phenomenon are in Jamaica in the 40's. By the 60's, it was common to find "sounds", or a truck fitted with sound equipment parked at a street corner, playing American rhythm & blues records for the people in the neighborhood. Some of these DJs included Coxson Dodd, Prince Buster, and Duke Reid. By the 1970's this phenomenon was to be found in the US, particularly in the Farragut Projects in Brooklyn, NY. Some of these early DJs were Maboya, Plummer and Kool DJ D, who played mostly disco music. Another of these early figures, Kool Herc, emigrated to the States from Jamaica and settled in the Bronx with his sound system he called "the Herculords." In contrast to some of the other figures, Kool Herc focused on rhythm & blues and funk records. Another of Kool Herc's innovations was to play only the "break," or the musical material between the verses of a song, repeating that break again and again. He did this using two turntables mounted with the same record. This came to be called "break-beat deejaying." People began to perform "strange, acrobatic twisting dance routines" to these episodes that came to be called "break dances."2

Kool Herc eventually hired someone to "MC" these parties. This person would talk to the crowd between the songs to keep the party going. This was the beginning of "rapping." DJ Hollywood, one of the early MC's at Kool Herc's parties would use rhyming verses in his rap. One of these included the words "hip hop" "which much later were used interchangeably to define the music of rap and the culture of those who attended Kool Herc's parties."3

Afrika Bambaata was another early figure in the rap/hip hop world. He participated in many early "battles," or competitions between DJs and MCs. In addition to rapping, these battles were decided on who had the more interesting collection of breaks to play. Afrika Bambatta's breaks were drawn from many genres, including rock, rhythm & blues, mambo, German disco and calypso.4 This aspect in hip hop, incorporating "found sounds" (which can include recorded samples of music by other groups in addition to voices or ambient sounds) has led to lawsuits when the groups involved failed to credit their sources.5

Another early hip hop innovator was DJ Grandmaster Flash. He extended Kool Herc's break beat deejaying by pre-cueing records to match the songs. This meant there was a much smoother transition between songs. matching songs. Indeed many of the recordings in the discography identify the number of beats per minute for each song, enabling a DJ to match songs on this basis.

Scratching, an important part of hip hop music was developed by Grand Wizard Theodore. This technique involves moving a record back and forth underneath the needle, creating a scratching, percussive sound. This technique has led some to claim that hip hop has led to the emergence of the DJ as musician, calling the turntable used in this way a percussion instrument.6

Hip hop has also had an impact on the continuing production of recordings in the LP format. Without this format, hip hop DJs would be unable to do scratching, such an important aspect of the music.

For better or for worse, hip hop has invaded popular culture. It also reflects that culture for good or ill. Some hip hop is racist, some is sexist. But there are also many hip hop musicians who focus on such issues as social inequity and the danger of heroin use. From its early days in the US, being played in projects and some underground clubs, it has gained a profile that has led even to its inclusion in the 1992 presidential debates over Sister Soljah. In the 20th Century Fox movie, Bulworth,7 Warren Beatty plays a Senator who berates his opponents using rap. Hip hop, it would seem, is here to stay.

Bibliography:

Coupe, Stuart and Glenn E. Baker. The New Rock 'N' Roll: The A-Z of Rock in the 80's. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983.

Hardy, Phil and Dave Laing. Encyclopedia of Rock. New York: Schirmer Books, 1988.

Clifford, Mike, consulting editor. The Harmony Illustrated History Encyclopedia of Rock. New York: Harmony Books, 1992.

Heatley, Michael. The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Rock: The World's Most Comprehensive Illustrated Rock Reference. New York: Harper Collins, 1993.

Romanowsky, Patricia and Holly George-Warren, eds. The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. New York: Fireside, 1995.

Small, Michael. Break it down: The Inside Story from the New Leaders of Rap. New York: Carol Publishing Group: 1992.

Stancell, Steven. Rap Whoz who: The World of Rap Music. New York: Schirmer Music, 1996.

Hip-hop webliography

The Bibliography

Aerobics sound recordings

Hip hop world. Baltimore, MD: Dynamix Music Service, 1994.

Top

Books

Alim, Hesham. "Exploring the Transglobal Hip Hop Ummah." In Muslim Networks: From Hajj to Hip Hop, Miriam Cooke and Bruce Lawrence (eds.) Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.

_____. "Hearing what's not said and missing what is: Black Language in White public space." In Discourse and Intercultural Communication: