History and Its Effects on the Future

History and Its Effects on The Future

According to definition, History is a narrative of events in the order in which they happened with their causes and effects, a record of past events. Throughout history many events have further evolved the human race, providing different ideas, policies, political laws and ways, and even scientific advances that further pushed the boundaries of human life to where they are today. The future is very much affected by the past and this is clearly present throughout the later Middle Ages all the way to the 18th century. The achievements of this time period in religion, exploration, science, culture, and arts are some of the most important achievements throughout history.

In the 1400s the demand for foreign trade and goods was at a high for Europeans. Voyagers traveled to new lands such as the coast of Africa to pursue gold and to also find an alternative route to India and China because of the Ottoman Empire, which was pushing into the Mediterranean after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, blocked the traditional trade routes through the Middle East and across the Black and Red Seas. Europeans relied on Asian sources for medicines, spices, and all kinds of luxury goods, which were unavailable elsewhere. Enormous profits were achieved to those who gained access to the source of these goods. The desire for these profits pushed men to take great risks to find an alternative route to East Asia. One certain voyage that has affected the world we live in today greatly was the travels of Christopher Columbus. Columbus believed that he had been predestined to fulfill biblical prophecies. If he could reach China, he could outflank the Ottoman Turks and recapture Jerusalem from the Muslims who had held it since 1187, and achievement that would usher in the Second Coming of Christ. As he set sail on August 3, 1492 he came with a crew of ninety men and boys on three ships, the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria. Because of these voyages across the Atlantic further expansion into the Americas was possible and is now the land that we call the United States of America. This was a very important event that changed the future because without such travels and explorations there would have been no Europe in the Americas and further expansion of the land of the United States would not be found and colonized by the settlers.

An important set of events that has affected the future greatly was the Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was the culmination of nearly 200 years of turmoil within the church. During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the Church owned vast amounts of property, maintained a far-reaching judicial bureaucracy to enforce Church law, and was headed by the pope, who was also the territorial price of the Papal State in central Italy. The Church was being corrupt but that was not the only problem, the problem was that they were unable to respond effectively to the demands of ordinary people who were increasingly concerned with their own salvation and the effective government of their communities. Three developments, in particular, contributed to the demand for religious reform: the search for the freedom of private religious expression; the print revolution; and the Northern Renaissance interest in the Bible and sources of Christianity. The Protestant Reformation began with the protests of Martin Luther against the pope and certain Church practices. In 1517 Luther became caught up in a controversy that led the separation of him and his followers from the Roman Catholic Church. In order to finance the building of a new St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, Pope Leo X had issued a special new indulgence. These special indulgence could apply not only to the purchaser but also to the dead already in Purgatory. Frederick the Wise, the Elector of Saxony and the patron of Martin Luther's university, prohibited the sale of the special indulgences in Electoral Saxony, but it was sold just a few miles away from Wittenberg, across the border in the domain of Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz. Wittenbergers began to trek over the border to Albrecht's lands to listen to the sales pitch from the shameless indulgence hawker, the Dominican John Tetzel. Martin Luther then prepared in Latin ninety-five theses- arguments or talking points- about indulgences that he announced he was willing to defend in an academic disputation and thanks to the printing press Luther had a few copies printed and posted one on the door of Wittenberg Cathedral. Luther argued the salvation couldn't be bought but rather that it comes from faith alone; he questioned the authority of both popes and councils. The pope demanded that Luther be arrested, but the Elector Frederick answered by defending Luther. Fredrick refused to make the arrest without first giving Luther a hearing at the Imperial Diet, which was set to meet at the town of Worms in 1521. At the diet, Emperor Charles V ordered Luther to disavow his writings, but Luther refused to do so. For several days the diet was in an uproar, divided by friends and foes of Luther's doctrines. Just before he was to be condemned by the emperor, Luther disappeared, and rumors flew that he had been assassinated. Turned out Frederick the Wise had kidnapped Luther for his own safety and hidden him in the castle at Wartburg. The Reformation quickly became a vast, sprawling movement far beyond the control of any individual, even in Luther's own Wittenberg. The importance of this event for the future is because without it there would be no Protestant religion, as well as the different diversities of Protestantism such as Calvinism, Anabaptists, Anglicans, and so on. This was a very important time for religion and religious differences.

When mentioning the Reformation, an invention that changed history as it was known came about, the Printing Press. Until the mid-fifteenth century, the only way in the West to reproduce any kind of text was to copy it laboriously by hand. This introduced errors or "improved" the original text as the writer saw fit, thus two different copies of the same text could read differently. Two fifteenth-century inventions revolutionized the availability of books. First, movable metal type was introduced around 1450, and after that time printed books first began to appear. Equally important, cheap manufactured paper replaced expensive sheepskin. The introduction and spread of printing throughout Europe made it much easier for peace to share their thoughts and discoveries with others. The Printing press revolutionized books and text in history because it added a more accurate way for writers, scientists, and just about anyone who writes to preserve their work in a much more accurate form and add the ability to present their works to a broader audience. As you can see the printing