Information on Khazdul

Introduction

Mastering twelve languages, Tolkien's skills as a linguist enabled him to realize complex consequences to creating languages of his own. The languages of Middle Earth are more than just mere compilations of grammatical structure and sounds, but have a complete history behind them that contributes to their structure, range of vocabulary, and identity. Khazdul, the language of the race discussed here, is exclusive to the Dwarves and is almost never discussed outside of the Dwarf community. Thusly, and as with the other languages, Khazdul has evolved over time to fit the linguistic needs of culture. However, our focus is not necessarily on Khazdul itself, especially since Khazdul was such an esoteric language that was rarely shared with communities outside that of the Dwarves; like the non-Dwarf races of middle earth, we know little about it. For instance, Dwarf interaction with other races in the affairs of trade created language barriers that were solved by the Dwarves learning the language of the foreign race, rather than the Dwarves teaching their trade partners Khazdul. Only once did the Dwarves teach their language to Elves as an experiment. However, the language itself is only the basis to what is discussed in this collection of works; rather the main objective of this project is to dissect how Dwarves translate their natural language into common tongue and express themselves through their syntax and diction choices. Naturally, the linguistic details of the native language of a race will also be reflected in how that race speaks in the common tongue. Dwarves will speak differently than Elves in the Lord of the Rings; similarly Ents will sound very differently from Hobbits, which are associated with a different language that is influenced by another history, culture, etc. So the objective is to identify how Dwarves express themselves in comparison to other races. What words they choose to relate certain events and experiences. What metaphors they use to draw parallels in description and how those metaphors relate to their own cultural history and experience. What we are able to identify as unique to Dwarf culture defines them as a race in the common tongue.

This collection of works by various authors will identify theses unique characteristics inherit of Tolkien's Dwarf culture and history by showing as best as possible the methods by which Dwarves speak. The "how to speak like a Dwarf" section addresses the differences in speech specifically in English terms, bringing us into the mindset of the Dwarves and the fashion in which they talk. Furthermore, a detailed essay will interpret the language in terms of its historical background and practical uses that have developed it.

Hopefully, this project will be able to clearly identify major patterns in the syntax and diction of Dwarves throughout the Lord of the Rings and will be a guide that enables readers to understand Dwarf culture and interests better through the study of their language without delving into the complexities of Khazdul.

Kyle Davis

Language of the Dwarves

The Dwarf language, as Tolkien admits, is "complex" in its Khazdul form, as it is called by the Dwarves. It is most comparable to the Semitic languages, noticeably in its grammatical structure, but this is irrelevant to Middle Earth, where the language's history has created it from it's inception into the familiar language of the third age where we become familiarized with Gimli in the Lord of the Rings. Up to this point, the language of the Dwarves has remained exclusively within the Dwarf community. The confidentiality of the language allowed it to remain in a vacuum mostly, being shaped primarily by Dwarf culture with few direct cognizant words from other Middle Earth languages. The orientation of the race to the earth is also important in the creation and development of the language; this is noticeable in descriptive metaphors and overall syntax of the Dwarf language. Comparable to the geography in which Dwarves live, the language is also rough, rigid at times but does not posses of the same nature of the dark languages of Middle Earth, which have no euphonic value. Rather, Dwarves have mostly been crafted by their geography and culture more than anything else, two determinants that are magnified by the cultural tradition that keeps Khazdul to the Dwarves alone.

An overall important factor influencing the fashion in which Dwarves speak is naturally where they originate from. Like German dwarfs, Tolkien's Dwarves seem to be of the mining occupation, concerned with such trades as weapons and armor crafting, however they are mostly different from the dwarfs of folklore. They do not have the power to disappear, are not necessarily ugly and are not turned to stone in daylight.

Tolkien's dwarves are more practical, rather. They coexist with the earth as miners and crafters, but are not bound to the earth which they choose to dwell in. Environment perhaps, is the most influential aspect of dwarf culture considering the fact that Dwarves spend most of their natural lives mining, or else involved with the rigid earth. Moria, or Khazad dыm as the Dwarves call it, is one such mine that has been prosperous for all the ages of the Dwarves with the exception of the end of the third age. This habitat of the Dwarves is no doubt reflected in their use of language. When dissecting the way Dwarves speak, particularly in their choice of figurative language they choose to describe things in terms of metaphors that relate to what is commonly known. In any culture, a metaphor, simile, or metonymy will reference to something regarded as common to that culture in order to describe something beyond the reach of plain speech. From the mouth of a Dwarf, figures of speech relate to his homeland that he is most familiar. Images of silver, gold, opal, and other gems, alloys or stones are alluded to in order to describe things because they are a staple of Dwarf culture. These images are used to describe the history of Khazad dыm in a song sang by Gimli. While images of the sea, the moon, and the stars are also present in the poem, the focus of the poems descriptions relies on images that are usually associated with caves, and in this case, Dwarf culture. This use of language also appears outside of poetry where Gimli is describing Khazad dыm. Words such as "grotto", "glimmering", "glistening" and "echoing" are used to describe the vastness of the mines and their beauty. The trickling of water is an often appearing sensory image, and the image of water serving the purpose of a mirror appears often in a world where there is