Jackie Robinson

The grandson of a slave, Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, in Cairo, Georgia; he was the youngest of five children. Jackie grew up very poor, but little did he know that his athletic ability would open the doors for his future. After his father deserted the family when Jackie was six months old, his mother, Mallie Robinson, moved the family to California in search of work. California also subjected blacks to segregation at that time, but to less of a degree than in the Deep South. The young Jackie defused his anger over this prejudice by immersing himself in sports. He displayed extraordinary athletic skills in high school, excelling at football, basketball, baseball, and track. After helping Pasadena Junior College win the Junior College Football Championship, Robinson took his athletic ability to the University of California at Los Angeles and became a top collegiate running back in 1939.

Having used up his athletic eligibility, as well as having some financial trouble, Robinson left UCLA before graduating. After college he held a job with the National Youth Administration work camp until the camp was closed due to the onset of World War II. In the fall of 1941 he joined the Honolulu Bears professional football team. In 1942, Jackie Robinson was drafted into the U.S. Army. He was accepted into Officer Candidate School in Ft. Riley, Kansas and was commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant in January 1943. While stationed at Fort Riley in Kansas, Robinson worked with heavyweight champion Joe Louis to eradicate unfair treatment of blacks in the military. However, inequities would persist in the armed forces for decades to come. He was later transferred to Ft. Hood, Texas where an incident in which he refused to move to the back of the bus found Court Martial charges brought up against him. He was found innocent, but was honorably discharged in 1944 on the grounds that his ankles had been weakened during his years of playing football.

Robinson joined the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro League in 1945 for a reported $450 a month. Although he soon became one of the league's top players, he was not fond of the low pay and relentless traveling and apparently had no intention of making baseball a career. That attitude was changed due to the efforts of Brooklyn Dodger president Branch Rickey. Starting in 1943, Rickey had been searching for a black player to bring into the major leagues, which were closed to blacks at the time. Previously part of the St. Louis Cardinal organization, Rickey made the move to Brooklyn. He felt that a more diverse culture would be a little more receptive to his plans. Ricky initiated his efforts by developing a plan to start up a new African American League made up of six franchises with one being the Brooklyn Brown Dodgers. The real truth was that it offered him a front to evaluate potential black talent to be integrated into the Major League.

In the beginning, it was actually Boston, not Brooklyn that showed interest in Robinson and the two other players; Sam Jethroe and Marvin Williams. Political pressure from Boston City Councilor Isador H.Y. Muchnick prompted the tryout. He threatened to take away the Red Sox permit to hold games in Fenway Park on Sundays if efforts were not made to integrate the ball club. Plans were put together by Pittsburgh Courier sportswriter Wendell Smith. The tryouts led to a dead end, and none of the three players were signed. Ironically, Boston in 1959 would be the last team in the majors to integrate their ballclub.

However, on October 23, 1945, Robinson signed a contract with Rickey to play for the Montreal Royals; a Dodgers farm team in the International League. Prior to the signing, Ricky went through extreme detail with Robinson on what it would take to be successful in the majors. He tormented and ridiculed him with potential situations that he could encounter. Robinson was able to maintain his demeanor. Jackie made a commitment to Ricky that for the next three years, regardless of the racial abuses he would receive, he would not fight back. Ricky impressed upon Robinson the need to turn the other cheek. He thoroughly understood that his actions would be center stage and that he had to show the discipline to hold his tongue. Many owners and sportswriters were against this integration, claiming that it would destroy major league baseball, but both Rickey and Robinson were confident of the move. Spring training in Florida was rough for Robinson due to segregation laws. He was forced to ride in the back of buses, and some games in which he was scheduled to play were canceled due to his presence. Nevertheless, he proved his worth that season by leading the Royals to the championship in the Little World Series. His performance made it clear that he was ready for the major leagues, but not all of the Dodgers were supportive of moving Robinson up to the big time. Some players on the team circulated a petition saying that they wouldn't play with Robinson, but hardly anyone signed it. When Rickey brought Robinson up to the Dodgers, he made the player promise to harness his temper when he was subjected to racial taunts on the playing field, at least for the first year. Robinson reluctantly agreed, but once a star he allowed his pride to resurface during disputes that were racially tinged.

Jackie Robinson made his first professional appearance on August 18, 1947. He went 4 for 5, hit a home run, had four runs batted in, scored four runs, and stole two bases. Even though he had a great performance, the St. Louis Cardinals threatened to go on strike, and then backed down when National League president Ford Frick threatened to ban all strikers from professional baseball. Pitchers often threw the ball directly at Robinson, base runners tried to spike him, and he was subjected to a steady stream of racial insults. He received hate mail, death threats, and even warnings that his baby boy would be kidnapped. Through it all, Robinson held his tongue in deference to Rickey's wishes. Robinson let his playing do the talking, and before long he was known as one of the most exciting players in baseball. Soon fans both black and white were filling ballparks to see him in action, and the Dodgers set new attendance records. Most of his fellow teammates fully supported him as they became convinced of Robinson's value to the club. The Dodgers won the pennant in 1947 and Jackie, at the age of twenty eight, was named Rookie of the Year, an award that would be named after him in 1987.

In 1949, Robinson moved to second base and won the National League's Most Valuable Player award while leading the Dodgers to the National League title. He led the league in stolen bases with thirty seven and finished on top with a .342 batting average. He also played in the first All-Star game alongside Roy Campanella and Don Newcombe. By this time Robinson