James Monroe

James Monroe was born in the quiet town of Westmoreland County, Virginia on April 28, 1758. His father, Spencer Monroe, was married to Elizabeth Jones in 1752. Spencer Monroe was a circuit judge and a farmer for the town (Kane 40). Monroe was the oldest of five. There were four other children; Andrew, Joseph, and Elizabeth. His third brother had died in his early childhood. He attended grammar school at a small academy for boys. This school had a reputation for serving the best of men, like George Washington and John Marshall (Kane 40), which is unique because he later followed George Washington as president. George Washington was a family friend of the Monroe's. He admired Washington and was influenced by him at a young age. At age 16 his father Spencer Monroe died. Monroe was left to be the man of the house. A family member suggested that James should continue his education at the William and Mary College. Monroe enrolled in the most difficult program that the College offered (Stefoff 11). Within a year of his attendance at William and Mary College, the shot heard around the world at Lexington occurred. War broke out with England, and Monroe wanted to do something about it. At age 18 he later joined the army enlisting in the Third Virginia Infantry (Stefoff 12). Monroe was appointed lieutenant after a party of soldiers raided a British house taking guns and supplies. He later was acquainted with George Washington when the Third Virginia Infantry was joined with Washington's troops in New York (Stefoff 13). During the war he was wounded in the Battle of Trenton but not severely. Monroe assigned to deskwork was asked if he would send a letter to the governor of Virginia asking for more soldiers. Monroe was waiting for a response from Washington but never heard from him, so in the mean time he studied law (Stefoff 15). Monroe became an aid under Thomas Jefferson, Governor of Virginia also influenced his life. Monroe and his good school friend worked on the governor's speeches and organized meetings. This prepared Monroe for what was to become of his life as President (Stefoff 21). Since the war was still going on, he had a mission from the military. Monroe was asked to go south and spy on British troops, because American troops feared that they were planning a surprise attack on them (Stefoff 21-22). After Monroe's successful mission against British troops and the war's completion, Monroe's political career soared.

Before 1781 Monroe finished studying law and passed the Virginia Bar exam. He wanted to buy land in Kentucky and open a law office in Richmond with the money he was saving. His first aspiration was not practicing law, but going to Europe and traveling the different countries. Monroe was unsure of himself and needed advice. He turned to Jefferson, but Jefferson had other plans for Monroe. He wanted Monroe to run for Virginia State Legislature. Monroe accepted and was elected into the House of Delegates in April 1782 (Stefoff 23). After much preparation, Monroe became a member of the Congress of Confederation. This event influenced him greatly. During 1786 Monroe found time to marry the love of his life. Her name was Elizabeth Kortright Monroe. Elizabeth was 17 and James was 27 years old when they were married. They had two daughters and one son (Kane 40). After the marriage and the children, Monroe quickly got back to his political views and doings. He was bored of his law practice and wanted a challenge. James served on the 170 member Virginia Ratifying Convention that decided the fate of the Constitution (Stefoff 35). In the fall of 1788, Monroe ran for Congress, but his friend and foe, James Madison, defeated him. Monroe did not give up, although he was disappointed about the loss, he later ran for U.S. Senate against an old friend John Marshall in 1790 and came home with a victory (Stefoff 37). Monroe was divided by politics. Now there were two political parties, the Federalist led by George Washington, and the Democratic-Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson (Stefoff 38). Monroe believed in both parties and was friends of both leaders, but his beliefs would point toward the Jeffersonian Party. Monroe did not believe that the central government should have as much power as the Federalist wanted it to have (Stefoff 38). Monroe decided not to partake in any party. He was an outsider trying to find a solution to bring the parties together with their ideas. All these decisions help made Monroe the experienced President that he became.

Monroe's wish finally came true. President Washington appointed Monroe as the United States minister to France. Monroe could now travel throughout Europe and still be involved in the political aspects of the United States. There were two reasons for President Washington's pick of Monroe. First, the French were tired of Morris (the current Minister) and his Federalist beliefs. Washington decided to pick another member other than a Federalist to represent the U.S. with France (Stefoff 41). Secondly, Washington saw Monroe was eager to move his political position forward, and Washington wanted to help. Monroe and his family moved to Paris in 1794. Unfortunately, Washington's efforts to appease the French with a new minister would not be successful. They thought the U.S. was going to join them in defeating the British. When Jay's Treaty was signed the French were furious and wanted an explanation (Stefoff 42). Monroe struggled for more than a year with France, and was caught in a difficult position. Monroe attempted in making a second trip to France in aid of Robert R. Livingston. He was to help with the Purchase of the Louisiana territory. Jefferson picked Monroe because the French honored him and knew they would respect him in all aspects. Although Monroe and Livingston were not fond of each other, they were able to work things out. They made a deal with Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Purchase for 15 million dollars, which the senate approved shortly after (Stefoff 51). Monroe's people wanted him to run for president in 1808. They thought that Monroe was the best candidate. Monroe did not run for president though because he wanted to keep his friendship with the other candidate, James Madison. Monroe expected to be appointed Secretary of State, but Madison appointed Robert Smith a pro-Jeffersonian. Monroe was appointed Secretary of State later during the war of 1812 (Stefoff 68-69). Although England and the U.S. had their differences and did not get along well, Monroe was the middleman and tried to improve the relationship between the two countries. England would impress our ships in the years preceding the War of 1812. This was a great challenge in Monroe's life. When England and France were at war, they both turned to the U.S. for help. While this was going on, Monroe and