Just Be

"Just Be" is a familiar slogan to the current American culture. It is the slogan of a well-known designer, Calvin Klein, who, in his advertisements, supposedly promotes individuality and uniqueness. Yet, Calvin Klein, along with all known designers, does not have overweight or unattractive people on his billboard ads, on his runways, in his magazine pictures or on his television commercials. Moreover, the movie, music and the mass media corroborate with the fashion industry in setting and advertising a certain standards for a physical ideal of a human body. Such propaganda promotes the public into depriving themselves of needed nutrition and generates eating disorders within people in order to fit the set standard of the physical ideal.

The negative attitude towards overweight population of the modern society is a sociocultural phenomenon. Yet, historically the negativity towards excess in weight was not constant. If one examines the artwork as relatively recent as the works of the Renaissance period, it can be witnessed that women who were somewhat "chunky," were considered beautiful and they were painted and sculpted. "Fleshy" men and women are in the masterpieces of such artist as Michelangelo, de Vinci, Rafael, Goya y Lucientes and etc. Love handles, fat deposits and skin folds were regarded as attractive and were applauded. Cleopatra, for example, was praised for her beauty, yet by modern standards she would be considered overweight. Aphrodite, the goddess of love and the image of perfection, is also viewed as overweight and thickset in the contemporary society and would not be painted or sculpted as "heavy set" as she has been created previously. Nonetheless, she was painted in accordance with the timely regards of beauty. Thus, it

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may be observed that during that time frame, as well as during most of the historic periods, the full figured body was preached as normal and ideal and was, though not as intensely and as high-tech, commercialized to the public and society.

The change in the beauty standard has been observed since 1970's, when beauty pageant contestants, actresses and models began to continuously show a decrease in weight. The analysis of the weight of advertised models, contestants and playboy centerfolds showed that over sixty percent of all sample had a fifteen percent less body weight than expected according to their height. Such results are alarming, for in accordance with American Psychiatric Association, being at least fifteen percent below expected body weight is a symptom of anorexia nervosa (Kristen Harrison, 1997). Therefore, the commendation of such look and shape commercializes unhealthy body image and procreates eating disorders. Unfortunately, at present the commercialism of a perfect body is encountered by almost everyone on everyday basis. The public is bombarded daily with images of glamorously thin women in commercials, on billboards, in movies in magazines and etc...According to Melanie Katzman, a consultant psychologist from New York, the media has actively defined the thin ideal as success and treats the body as a commodity. (Rhona MacDonald, 2001) It is evident that the persistent advocating of the media and the society produced a constant pursuit of thinness, which became a new religion. A study conducted by Harvard researchers has revealed the effect of media and magazines on adolescent girls in high schools. The children were exposed to fashion magazines and television commercials, and a while after were given self-rating surveys. The study found that sixty-nine percent of the girls said that magazine pictures

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influenced their version of the ideal body shape; forty-seven said that they wanted to lose weight because of magazine pictures. Girls who read fashion magazines frequently were two to three times more likely than infrequent readers to attempt to lose weight and diet, because of a magazine article and to feel that magazines have an effect on their perception of the ideal body shape (Allison Field, 1999). Dieting to fit the perfect body ideal had become an important factor, and has condoned dieting behavior in which the focus on thinness and reduction of food intake often involves eating less during the day, which can encourage anorexia nervosa or can result in binge eating in the latter part of the day, when hunger intensifies. As Eric Stice, of Behavior Research and Therapy, notes the media promotes abnormal eating behavior through social reinforcement of the thin ideal (Eric Stice, 1998).

Although the societal and media influence has been alike in most parts of the world, the Western culture is experiencing a significant rise in the incidents of eating disorders and is seen as the root of the eating disorder disease. The occurrences of eating disorders have considerably emerged among the male population, and in the instances of anorexia nervosa men presently account for over ten percent. Yet many cases of these disorders are left unreported or are misdiagnosed, because a general false perception that eating disorders occur only in females exists. Such rise in male anorexia is mostly due to the demand of selling such products as soda and underwear, which creates the pressure for men to conform to a specific body type (Cindy Crosscope-Happel, 2000). Though the rates of eating disorder among men have arose significantly, the prevalence of occurrences of such among women grand. The reason for growing incidences of eating

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disorders among women in the Western culture has mainly been related to the dramatic change in the roles of women in the past three decades. Furthermore, according to Luis Rojas-Marcos, a psychiatrist who is the president of New York City Health and Hospitals Corp, up to seventy-five percent of the United States female population have been on some sort of a diet at least once during their lifetime, though only twenty percent of them weighted above the norm. In addition, Luis Rojas-Marcos also stated that the fear of obesity of most of those females "exceeds the fear of dying" (Xavier Bosch, 2000). Additionally, within the Western female population, differences between the numbers of incidents of eating disorders and the types of eating disorders between White and African American women are significant. Such differences suggest that major ethnic deviations exist between the body ideals of White and those of African American women. African American women appear to be more satisfied with their weight and appearance than the White women, and are less likely to develop anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Yet African American women are more likely to have high