Language, Gender and Bias in American Culture

Language, Gender and Bias in American Culture

Through language, bias has proliferated in our culture against both women and men. Language expresses aspects of culture both explicitly and implicitly. Gender expectations, behaviors, and cultural norms, are determined through language. A divide between the sexes has developed which includes language usages, intention, and understandings. This has created obstructions to communication between the genders.

When anthropological linguists look at a language, he/she takes into consideration the "world view" of those languages (Whorf 221). The anthropological linguist will try to understand the language to learn more about the culture of that language. Aspects of that culture can be determined by the definitions of terms and usages of the language. In this sense, language and culture are very closely tied to one another.

Language influences and sculpts culture, and this determines how relationships within a society will associate. A very good explanation of how language specifically influences culture was postulated by Edward Sapir who argued that:

Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society.... The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built up on the language habits of the group. (Sapir 209)

Sapir states that "language is a guide to social reality" and that it "powerfully conditions all our thinking" (209). The language we speak conditions our social behavior and how we speak that language will affect our view of reality.

Benjamin Lee Whorf, who studied under Sapir, continued the ideology through his analysis of linguistic and social structures in daily life (220-221). This is widely known as the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and is used today in anthropological linguistics. Whorf coined the "linguistic relativity principle" which states "that users of markedly different grammars are pointed by their grammars toward different types of observations and different evaluations of externally similar acts of observation, and hence are not equivalent as observers but must arrive at somewhat different views of the world" (221). Language also varies between groups within a culture and each group will comprehend differently from another (i.e. men and women). This is due in part because of how language categorizes and classifies innately as well as how it has developed over time out of necessity.

Inversely, the learned behavior of culture/societal structure also influences and affects language/linguistic structure. The cultural aspects, which influence language unequivocally, tie to how we interact with one another in society. There are four elements that connect directly with common language usage: Age-Grading, Regional Varieties and Dialects, Ethnic Background and Gender Related Phenomenon. It is Gender Related Phenomenon that is of interest to us because of how gender markers affect language. For example, in the 15th century they was used as 3rd person singular and was replaced by he which is a gender exclusive term grouping males and females together. This continued to be the social norm until the 1960's women's liberation movement when he was then changed to he or she which includes women but is still categorizing. More recently, the masculine forms of titles are being generalized and culture is moving into a more "gender neutral" realm. Because of social change, words like Chairman have changed to chairperson and a Congressman is now called Representative regardless of the gender of the person holding the position.

The English language has evolved to the point in which it puts lexical items into grammatical categories (Whorf 87). Categories like gender, past tense, future tense, and even how we pluralize words shows a direct relationship to how we view our surroundings and explain what we experience. According to Salzmann, American society is a masculine society and the categorization that occurs in the English language has moved from classification to bias (213). He states that the categorization within English has developed to the point where many masculine terms include women in them (213). In fact, Salzmann's field, anthropology, used to be considered the study of MANkind, which has been changed to HUMANkind (213). Salzmann is not the only anthropological linguist with this point of view. Many scholars have long asserted that American language segregates and suppresses groups. First let us look at the female perspective to understand what biases are being made.

Turner states this categorization was crucial in the development of our language but has some side effects as it touches every part of our lives (Turner 470). Turner says that categorization is "unimportant" when we are discussing objects (470). However, it is when "abstract concepts" are involved that the problems begin to emerge (470).

To establish his point that women are biased against, Turner cites the historic example of the ancient Greeks where, Aristotle defined Man as a "rational animal" (471). In this view the male gender is seen as more rational and women are seen as more animalistic. This brings with it connotations of men being able to reason logically and of women being less capable mentally. This perspective is upheld by another historical reference where a woman became the oldest graduate of Oxford because the school did not award degrees to the "intellectually inferior" in the 1920's (Turner 470). This intellectual deficit is "compensated" for, however, by our society awarding females the ability of "women's intuition."

Turner takes the linguistic perspective to understand this divide of reason versus intuition by looking at their precepts. The categorized words like rational/emotional are misleading to Turner and furthers this dichotomy. Rational/emotional are not opposites in his arguments and would lead one to believe that if women are emotional then they are irrational by simple logic. Rational's opposite is irrationality. If a thought or idea is arrived upon through a process then it is considered rational. On the other end of the spectrum is women's intuition. This is assumed arrived "mystically" without thought or reason. Turner poses the question about why society assumes that man never has an "intuition" and simply arrives at all of his answers methodically. He states that men argue more and are more formal in their conversations because of the role that developed for men in society. Men are expected