List of Trees Located in the Philippines

LIST OF TREES LOCATED IN THE PHILIPPINES

LONG FIBER SHORT FIBER

Pine tree Kamagong

Cotton Tree Molave

Maple Narra

Eucalyptus Tanguile

Ipil-ipil

Akle

Dao

Yakal

Mahogany

Bamboo

Coconut timber

Kalantas

Malapapaya

Bitaog

Philippine Rosewood (Toog Tree)

Tindalo

Banuyo

https://www.google.com.ph/search?biw=1366&bih=667&q=trees+in+the+philippines+and+their+characteristics&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwio-4r9wfnNAhUDpZQKHWHwA18Q1QIIeygA#q=hardwood+trees+list+in+the+philippines

http://www.realliving.com.ph/tips-and-guides/building-101-types-of-philippine-hardwood

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_woods

http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5347e/x5347e06.htm

KINDS OF SIZING AGENTS

Types of Sizing Agent

1. Internal Sizing Agents

Internal sizing agents are used in papermaking process at the wet end. The most important internal sizing chemicals are alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), rosin and alkyl succinic anhydride (ASA). The internal sizing agents should have some basic characteristics such as high hydrophobicity, good retention on fibers, uniform distribution throughout the fiber surfaces, and must strongly bonded with fibers.

The internal sizing agents can also be classified into acidic type sizing chemical and basic or neutral type sizing chemical. Rosin and its derivatives are acidic type sizing agent. On the other hand, AKD and ASA are basic or neutral type sizing agent.

2. Surface Sizing Agents

Surface sizing agents have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends. It is forms a thin film on paper web, the hydrophilic tail of it joined with the fiber, whereas hydrophobic tail facing outwards. The thin film reduces paper dust; improve surface strength, printability and water resistance of the paper. There are different chemicals are used as surface sizing agent such as modified starches, Styrene Maleic Anhydride (SMA), Styrene Acrylic Emulsion (SAE), Styrene Acrylic Acid (SAA), Ethylene Acrylic Acid (EAA), gelatin and Polyurethane (PUR). It is normally applied in a paper mill though the size press at dry end section.

http://www.pulppapermill.com/sizing-agents/

Starches and Gums:

Cationic Starch

Anionic Starch

Amphoteric Starch

Unmodified Starch

Oxidized starch

Depolymerized “Thinned” Starch

Cold-Water-Swelling Starch

https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=zFbSmEgUMVsC&pg=PA593&lpg=PA593&dq=starch+and+gums+examples+for+paper&source=bl&ots=BRRLOP2csy&sig=WXkYLd6LX4ryewrbjikWJPiUAzI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjoz9_CrfvNAhUEkJQKHQYGD6sQ6AEINzAG#v=onepage&q=starch%20and%20gums%20examples%20for%20paper&f=false

WET STRENGTH RESINS

• Normal wet strength resins are:

urea-formaldehyde (UF),

melamine-formaldehyde(MF) and

polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PEA).

polyimines

OTHER ADDITIVES

Common Name Used For Common Name Used For

Agalite or Talc

It gives paper a greasy or soapy feel. and enables it to take a high finish EDTA

Ethylene Diamine Tetra acetic Acid Used for chelation (removal of transition metals from pulp).

Alabaster or Annalne Paper Loading material Enzyme Used in Deinking

Alganic Acid Coating and surface treatment FSA

Formamidine Sulphuric Acid or Thiourea Dioxide

Post Deinking bleaching

Alum For alkaline sizing