Literature

LITERATURE

I. FICTION

A. What fiction is

Fiction (from the Latin fictio, "a shaping, a counterfeiting") is a name for stories not entirely factual, but at least partially shaped, made up, imagined. It is true that in some fiction, such as historical novel, a writer draws upon factual information in presenting scenes, events, and characters. But the factual information in a historical novel, unlike that in a history book, is of secondary importance.

Fiction as we know it today is considered to be a relatively new genre compared to poetry and drama. The tradition of fiction started with myth and legend and allegory. But the fictional characters in these imaginary worlds were mostly one-dimensional abstractions, personified as Love, Greed, War, or even Faith. The evolution from allegory to novel (and short story), from the sermon about an abstraction in human guise to the story of the individual whose personal experience might have universal application, took a long time.

B. Fable and tale

Modern literary fiction in English has been dominated by two forms: the novel and the short story. The two have many elements in common. Perhaps we will be able to define the short story more meaningfully---for it has traits more essential than just a particular length---if first, for comparison, we consider some related varieties of fiction: the fable and the tale. Ancient forms whose origins date back to the time of word-of-mouth storytelling, the fable and the tale are relatively simple in structure; in them we can plainly see elements also found in the short story (and in novel).

1. Fable

Fable is a brief story that sets forth some pointed statement of truth. For in fable everything leads directly to the moral, or message, sometimes stated at the end. The characters in a fable may be talking animals, inanimate objects, or people and supernatural beings. Whoever they may be, these characters are merely sketched, not greatly developed.

2. Tale

The name tale (from the Old English talu, "speech") is sometimes applied to any strory, whether short or long, true or fictitious. Tale being a more evocative name than story, writers sometimes call their stories "tales" as if to imply something handed down from the past. But defined in a more limited sense, a tale is a story, usually short, that sets forth strange and wonderful events in more or less bare summary, without detailed character-drawing. "Tale" is pretty much synonymous with "yarn," for it implies a story in which goal is revelation of the marvelous rather than revelation of character

C. Plot

Plot is the arrangement of events in a story, or the structure of the action. The action in a plot is usually progressive because one force acts upon another. Plot begins with an exposition: the opening portion that sets the scene (if any), introduces the main characters, tells us what happened before the story opened, and provides any other background information that we need in order to understand and care about the events to follow.

D. The short story

In a short story, a form more realistic than the tale and of modern origin, the writer usually presents the main events in greater fullness. A short story is more than just a sequence of happenings. Some literary short stories, unlike commercial fiction in which the main interest is in physical action or conflict, tell of an epiphany: some moment of insight, discovery, or revelation by which a character's life, or view of life, is greatly altered. Other short stories tell of a character initiated into experience or maturity. The fable and the tale are ancient forms; the short story is of more recent origin.

E. Point of view

A critical issue in any short story is its point of view. The importance of point of view may easily be overlooked, but the choice of the narrator influences the total structure of the story.

There are basically three points of view:

1. The narrator presents the story in the first person, directly through a character. He tells his own story or one in which he has participated as a minor character. The story sounds "real" because of the personal pronoun I. This type of narrator describes characters' thoughts and feelings through his own personal perspective and observation. Often he offers opinions, interpretations, and conclusions and reveals prejudices.

2. The third-person or dramatic point of view involves a narrator who is a detached observer. He generally make no judgments; he relates the story as though he were watching the events and telling us about them. This type of narrator usually becomes aware of the event and action along with the reader and is probably more objective than the first-person narrator.

3. in the totally omniscient point of view the narrator is god-like; he knows everything about the characters and events of the story. He knows the thoughts, feelings, desires, and motives of the people in the narrative, as well as their pasts, presents, and futures. The perspective is not limited to one character; the narrator gets into the consciousness of all. The omniscient narrator often intrudes with comments, judgments, and opinions.

4. The narrator in a story can by only partially omniscient; that is, he can know all about only one character and tell the story through that character's eyes, thoughts, observations, emotions. And perspective. He perceives the other characters as being outside the main character; all action, reaction, events, and situations are interpreted by one individual alone.

F. Character

Character is presumably an imagined person who inhabits a story---although that simple definition may admit to a few exceptions. Character can be developed through dialogue, as you have seen, and also through action. Characterization can also be developed through the character's thoughts and by authorial comment. Characterization presents human beings, their thoughts, attitudes, prejudices, mental states---indeed all of the aspects that make up a person. The character must be consistent to be believable. Once the author has established a basic personality, all the action in the story must be congruent to it.

G. Setting

The setting of a story means its time and place. In a short story , setting may figure as more than mere background or