Microbiology Study Guide

Study Guide Notes ÐŽV Test 1

CHAPTER 1

1. Linnaeus ÐŽV naming system

Hooke ÐŽV cells in cork

Van Leeuwenhoek ÐŽV animalcules (1st obs. of live microorganisms)

Redi ÐŽV experiment to disprove spontaneous generation ÐŽV meat

Needham ÐŽV experiment to prove spontaneous generation ÐŽV broth (vital force)

Spallanzani ÐŽV heated broth did not develop microbial growth

Virchow ÐŽV biogenesis (living can only arise from preexisting living)

Pasteur ÐŽV air contained, but did not produce, microbes (broth, s-flasks); pasteurization; lose virility, still immunity

Lister ÐŽV aseptic surgery (phenol on surgical wounds)

Koch ÐŽV cause of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) ÐŽV bacteria in blood, injected into healthy, died, compared bacteria

Jenner ÐŽV vaccines (cowpox provided immunity against small pox) ÐŽV milk maids

Erlich ÐŽV ÐŽ§magic bulletЎЁ; salvarsan against syphilis

Fleming ÐŽV Penicillium chrysogenum inhibited bacteria growth in plate

Beadle & Tatum ÐŽV one gene one enzyme hypothesis

Avery, MacLeod & McCarty ÐŽV DNA = hereditary material

Tatum & Lederberg ÐŽV conjugation

Watson & Crick ÐŽV aa model for structure/replication of DNA

Jacob & Monod ÐŽV mRNA

Beijerinck & Winogradsky ÐŽV microbial ecology

2. Naming: Latinized, Genus 1st - always caps, species 2nd - always lower case, both underlined or italics; descriptive

3. Characteristics

a. Prokaryotes

i. Bacteria

1. Many shapes: bacillus (rods), coccus (sphere), spirilla (spiral)

2. Individually or in groups

3. Reproduce by binary fission

ii. Archaea

1. Cell walls NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN

2. Shares characteristics with bacteria and euk, but diff from each

3. Often in extreme environments

4. 3 groups:

a. methanogens (produce methane)

b. extreme thermophiles (hot sulfurous water)

c. extreme halophiles (very salty environments)

b. Eukaryotes

i. Fungi

1. Multi- or Uni-cellular (yeasts)

2. Cell walls mostly chitin

3. Typical fungi = molds

a. Form mycelia, composted of hyphae

4. Reproduce sexually or asexually

ii. Protozoa

1. Unicellular

2. Move via:

a. Pseudopods (extensions of cytoplasm)

b. Flagella (whiplike)

c. Cilia (shorter)

3. Free or as parasite

4. Sexual or asexual

iii. Algae

1. photosynthetic

2. variety of shapes

3. sexual and asexual reproductive forms

4. cell walls composed of cellulose (like plants)

5. take co2, sunlight, h20 ÐŽV create oxygen and carbs (imp. In balance of environment)

iv. Viruses

1. Very diff. from other microbes

2. Very small ÐŽV need electron microscope

3. Acellular

a. Nucleic acid core

b. Protein coat

c. Some also have envelope

4. Obligate intracellular parasite ÐŽV need host cell to survive & replicate

v. Animal Parasites

4. Cell Structure

a. Eukaryotic

b. Prokaryotic

CHAPTER 4

1. Bacterial cell

a. Shapes

i. Cocci (sphere)

ii. Bacilli (rod)

iii. Spirlilla (spiral)

iv. Stella (star)

v. Haloarcula (square)

b. Arrangements

i. Diplo- (pairs)

ii. Staphylo- (clusters)

iii. Strepto- (chains)

2. Cell Structures

a. Prokaryotic

i. OUTSIDE cell wall

1. glucocalyx ÐŽV sticky

a. capsule ÐŽV organized, prevents phagocytosis

b. slime layer ÐŽV unorganized, loose

c. polysaccharide allows cell to attach

2. flagella (cells w/o flagella are atrichous) (proteins are H antigens ÐŽV E. coli O157:H7)

a. made of chains of flagellin

b. attached to protein hook

c. anchored