Monroe Doctrine

"The Monroe Doctrine"

James Monroe was born in 1758 in Westmoreland County, Virginia. He attended school until the age of sixteen. He then entered the College of William and Mary (Sauer, 2000, p. 233). Monroe enlisted in the army during the Revolutionary War and at the age of eighteen he became lieutenant. He served under Washington and he was later made a captain for his efforts in the battle at Trenton, New Jersey, where he was wounded in the shoulder. From then on Monroe was active in a variety of politics.

Monroe became the state legislator of Virginia in 1782, served three years in Congress starting in 1784, and became Minister to France from 1794 to 1796. He also governed Virginia from 1799 to 1802 and became the Secretary of State during the Madison Presidency. While serving in this position he helped in the negotiations of the War of 1812(Sauer, 2001, p.235-36). Monroe was chosen for candidacy by his predecessor James Madison. He served two terms as president and had virtually no opposition in either election. This was due to the fall of the Federalist Party. At the end of Monroe's first term he dealt with The Panic of 1819 and in the Missouri Compromise during 1820 (Text, 2005). The most important and most influential document of this time would come at the end of his last term, the Monroe Document.

The Monroe Doctrine was one of the first declarations by the United States in terms of foreign policy. It established the United States position in world affairs by declaring what they believed were their rights and powers over the Americas. It was written by James Monroe and John Quincy Adams and delivered by President Monroe in his speech to congress on December 2, 1823 (Best, 2004, p.132).

The primary cause of the Monroe doctrine was a fear that the Great Alliance, which consisted of Austria, Prussia, and Russia, would take over land in the Americas. In 1820, during the Age of Good Feelings and Monroe's second term as president, Spain's colonies in Latin America revolted. The colonies gained their independence from Spain and between 1822 and 1826 the United States recognized a tie with the Latin republics. Recognizing this tie put the United States at odds with the Great Alliance. America also feared that Russia would take over the Oregon Territory. Great Britain was also upset because they feared that the Great Alliance would try to colonize the new Latin Republics again. If this were to happen it would result in worse commerce and trade for them. (Text, 2005)

Although both Great Britain and the United States would benefit from joint declaration against the Great Alliance, which Great Briain had proposed, both Monroe and Adams believed it to be unnecessary and not politically wise (Podell & Anzovin, 2001, p. 80). Instead of making this joint declaration President Monroe and his Secretary of State, John Adams, drafted what would be called the Monroe Doctrine. On December 2, 1823 the Monroe Doctrine was presented to Congress and set precedence for the attitudes and involvement of the United States towards the rest of the world.

In my opinion no specific class nor ethnic, racial, or gender groups were as affected by the Monroe Doctrine in the continental U.S. The people as a whole would begin to feel more dominant in terms of world relations that would later lead to their roles in Cuba, Nicaragua, World War II, and other affairs of the world. It also helped to promote Pan-Americanism. This was an organization formed to create unity among the Americas but was actually used to keep trade within the Americas (Best, 2000, p. 146). Pan-Americanism would later lead to the Roosevelt Corollary. Many historians think that the Monroe Doctrine contributed to the achievement of an independent national identity of the United States (Podell & Anzovin, 2001, p. 80).

The entire class and racial, ethnic, and gender groups of Latin America were affected by this Doctrine. The people of the new republics of Latin America saw the United States using this doctrine as a new way to colonize South and Central America. At one time policemen of the United States were sent to Cuba to keep out external and internal threats (Podell & Anzovin, 2001, p. 133).

The Monroe Doctrine had three main parts. The following excerpt show these three parts working in unity, and is a good example of Monroe and Adams opinions in 1832.

This difference proceeds from that which exists in their respective Governments; and to the defense of our own, which has been achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, under which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted. We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere to our peace and safety.(Podell & Anzovin, 2001, p. 80).

The first and probably most important part was that, as Monroe stated, the Americas were 'no longer to be considered as subjects for further colonization by any European powers'. Secondly it noted the difference between the political structures of the monarchies of Europe and the democracies of the Western Hemisphere. Lastly it said that as long as European powers stayed out of the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, the United States would stay clear of their affairs (Best, 2004).

The Monroe Doctrine impacted the United States in a number of ways. The most important, in my opinion, was that it stated where the United States stood in foreign affairs. This document informed the rest of the world