Native Study Review

Essay 1

1. Educational system

1. School (Residential Schools)

1. Two primary objectives and idea:

1. assumption that their own civilization was the pinnacle of human achievement
2. interpreted the socio-cultural differences between Aboriginal

1. proof that Canada’s first inhabitants were ignorant, savage, and—like children—in need of guidance

1. They felt the need to “civilize” the Aboriginal peoples.
2. Education—a federal responsibility—became the primary means to this end.
3. remove and isolate children from the influence of their homes, families, traditions and cultures
4. assimilate them into the dominant culture.
5. based on the assumption Aboriginal cultures and spiritual beliefs were inferior and unequal.

1. forcibly separated children from their families for extended periods of time
2. forbade them to acknowledge their Aboriginal heritage and culture (speak their own languages)
3. punished if strict rules were broken --- horrendous abuse from staff

1. physical, sexual, emotional, and psychological.

1. Provided students an inferior education

1. only up to grade five
2. focused on training students for manual labour in agriculture, light industry

1. woodworking, domestic work (laundry work and sewing)

1. systematically undermined Aboriginal culture across Canada
2. disrupted families for generations
3. severing the ties through which Aboriginal culture is taught and sustained
4. contributing to a general loss of language and culture
5. Because removed from their families

1. grew up without experiencing a nurturing family life
2. without the knowledge and skills to raise own families

1. devastating effects of the schools

1. far-reaching and continue to have significant impact on Aboriginal communities.

1. Because the government’s and the church's’ intent was
2. to eradicate all aspects of Aboriginal culture in these young people
3. interrupt its transmission from one generation to the next
4. considered a form of cultural genocide.
5. The last residential school did not close its doors until 1986.

1. Language (affect)

1. 60 or more Aboriginal languages in Canada are considered endangered ---- varying degrees for long-term survival.
2. 213,490 people reported an Aboriginal mother tongue in the 2011 Census of Population.
3. The Cree languages, Inuktitut and Ojibway were the most frequently reported Aboriginal languages.
4. According to the 2011 NHS --- one in six Aboriginal people can conduct a conversation in an Aboriginal language.
5. More than 52,000 Aboriginal people were able to converse in an Aboriginal language

1. different from their mother tongue,
2. suggesting that these individuals acquired an Aboriginal language as a second language.
3. Another data sources --- the 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey.

1. Education (in result)

1. In 2011, half (51%) of Aboriginal women aged 25 to 64 had a postsecondary qualification,

1. including 9% with a trades certificate,
2. 25% with a college diploma,
3. 4% with a university certificate or diploma below the bachelor level
4. 12% with a university degree
5. Near 2 times lower than Non-aboriginal identity women.

1. In native family

1. laid the foundation for the epidemic (high incidence of domestic violence)

1. domestic abuse and violence against Aboriginal women and children
2. perpetuating the cycle of abuse
3. dysfunction over generations
4. lack adequate parenting skills
5. having only experienced abuse --- turn abuse to family members

1. sense of worthlessness --- instilled in students ---system contributed --- extremely low self-esteem

1. self-abuse, resulting in high rates of alcoholism, substance abuse, and suicide (result)
2. number one cause of death, almost 40 percent of mortalities
3. women attempt suicide eight times more, men attempt suicide five times more

1. discrimination from both societies ----- difficult to obtain education and skills

1. mistrust of education in general,
2. difficult for Aboriginal communities and individuals to break the cycle of poverty

Essay 2

1. Services

1. Living conditions

1. Pikangikum is a lack of power

1. main generator now is  eight years past its expected 10-year lifespan

1.  broke down earlier in February of 2016

1. Fire response.

1. A 2010 federal study -- people living on First Nations reserves ---10 times more likely to die in a fire VS the rest of Canada.

1. 80% of the reserve’s homes without wastewater systems or running water

1. community of 2,400 had just over 3,600 lockups
2. nearly 5,000 calls for service to police in 2011.

1. In 2006, the Northwestern Health Unit --- study on Pikangikum’s sewage and drinking water systems

1. illnesses such as gastrointestinal, skin and urinary tract infections --- more prevalent there than -----in other First Nation and non-aboriginal communities
2. due to lack of safe water.

1. The housing supply has also tightened into a crisis,

1. as the population grows by 100 people each year with few prospects for new builds
2. 16 people share a small home
3. requiring some families to sleep in shifts.

1. Health Issues

1. The Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS)

1. 48% of Aboriginal women aged 15 and over (excluding those living on reserve) rated good in 2012.
2. half (51%) of Métis women, 45% of First Nations women living off reserve, and 41% of Inuit women.

1. Aboriginal women VS men aged 15 and over 48% versus 53%.  
2. smaller than the percentage of non-Aboriginal women (64%),
3. according to the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS 2012).
4. In 2012, Aboriginal females aged 15 to 19 VS non-Aboriginal counterparts

1. 8 percentage points (60% compared with 68%).
2. aged 25 to 34, 16 percentage points
3. 20 percentage points for those aged 55 to 64 years.

1. Youth suicide rate:

1. Three youth from Pikangikum recently died in the September of 2016

1. a 13-year-old girl, along with a young man and woman, both 18.

1. Community of roughly 2,400 had a suicide rate equivalent
2. 250 per 100,000, nearly 20 times that of Canada,
3. far and away the highest in the world.

1. Disputes relating to Indigenous peoples should not be criminalized

1. especially through anti-terrorism legislation.

1. Indigenous peoples are human rights defenders and our issues often include environmental, natural resource development and other essential concerns.

1. in Quebec, the James Bay Crees continue to oppose uranium mining, but such democratic protest is fully accepted by the provincial government.
2.  We are not being criminalized or spied upon. Bill C-51 could change this.

1. promotes harmonious and cooperative relations

1. between states and Indigenous peoples.
2. It affirms our right to live in freedom, peace and security
3. as distinct peoples and our right to our lands, territories and resources.

1. Inukshuk

1. “In the likeness of a human” in Inuit
2. Someone was here or you are on the right path
3. used by the Inuit, Inupiat, Kalaallit, Yupik, and other peoples of the Arctic region of North America.
4. found from Alaska to Greenland.
5. Used to:

1. navigation or direction aids,
2. mark a place of respect or memorial for a be loved person
3. Indicated migration routes or place can find fish

1. Totem Pole

1. from the Algonquian word odoodem "kinship group".
2. symbolize characters and events of a myth 
3. relate the experiences of known ancestors or living people
4. Pacific Northwest coast of North America (northwestern United States and Canada's western province, such as British Columbia)
5. Used to: Created to commemorate one's relatives or told the story of a memorable event, To honor a leader who had recently died.
6. There six kind of totem pole.

1. Wampum belt

1. From Narragansett “String of white shell beads”
2. Shell are collected and traded for fur and food.
3. Patterns =different treaties, alliances and relation.

1. Status vs Non status Indian

1. “Status” a legal recognition of a person’s first nations heritage, affords certain rights.
2. Non status Indian: Matis and Inuit, April 14 2016, supreme court changed the legal definition of “indian” include Métis and Non status Indian.

1. First Nation vs Métis vs Inuit

1. First Nations

1. describe Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are not Métis or Inuit.
2. status or treaty Indians registered with their home reserve, band or community.

1. Métis

1. mixed European and Indigenous ancestry
2. one of the three recognized Aboriginal peoples in Canada.
3. originated largely in Western Canada
4. emerged as a political force in the 19th century
5. radiating outwards from the Red River Settlement.

1. Inuit

1. "the people"
2. inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada and Alaska
3. Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Greenland view "Eskimo" as pejorative
4. not included under either the First Nations or the Métis
5. Canadian Arctic and subarctic in the territory of Nunavut; Quebec; Labrador; and in various parts of the Northwest Territories, particularly around the Arctic Ocean

1. Royal Proclamation 1763 vs The Indian Act 1876

1. Royal Proclamation 1763

1. “Indian Magna Carta” --- no laws to overrule it
2. By King George 3 claim the land british won after the 7 years war
3. Exist until native people give up their land
4. Despite argument, aboriginal people still have to fight titles for their land

1. The Indian Act 1876

1. Eradicate first nations culture in favour of generalize and assimilation into Euro-Canadian society
2. Only pertain to  First nation, not Matis or Inuit
3. “Status” a legal recognition of a person’s first nations heritage, affords certain rights.
4. Requires children to attend residential school
5. Make religious ceremonies illegal

1. Animism

1. Belief that objects, place and animals have spiritual qualities and souls separate from their material bodies.
2. no separation between the spiritual and physical world
3. 6,968,135 of animist include 55 indigenous group

1. Globalization

1. Interaction across national boundaries
2. Affects many aspects of life: economically, socially, culturally and politically.

1. Powwows

1. Celebrations that showcase aboriginal music, dance, dance apparel, food and craft.
2. In 19th century, developed among the great plains tribe
3. During summer weekend, 1-4 days
4. Way to honor a spiritual connection to their ancestor
5. Associated with religious, war parties, new or affirmed alliances and event by warrior societies.
6. Song: North, high pitch. South, deep tone. Dance: Men, grass dance, northern traditional, southern straight. Women, jingle dress dance, buckskin or cloth dance.  Cloth : regalia

1. Sun dance

1. Cultural ceremony for honour the sun, to proof bravery and overcome pain
2. Vision quest, to find spiritual guidance, to discover purpose in life
3. Horse-mounted, bison hunter in great plain in 18-19 century
4. Time to renewal tribe, people and earth

1. Potlatch

1. A gift-giving feast in pacific Northwest coast of canada
2. Meaning richer the family the better the gift, up to 3  weeks
3. Man with high ranking in society host the event, stopped 1885-1951

1. Medicine wheel

1. Sacred hoop, for health and healing, moved clockwise sunwise“
2. Life is a circular journey, start from the east

1. Sage

1. Culinary herb, Smoke from white sage (Artemesia califoncia) is used for purification of mind for prayers
2. White sage is burned for meditation, smudging and cleansing of spirit and dwelling.
3. provide a barrier that prevents negative spirits from entering the room in which the ceremony is being held.
4. Desert sage (Salvia apiana) medicinal attributes
5. protect cells from toxins and organisms in the environment that cause infections; antifungal, antiseptic and an astringent.

1. Sweet grass

1. Numbers of grass that possess sweet flavor
2. Make it attractive to sweet smell for strewing or burning
3. Smoke and prayer lead us to the world ancestor and creator reside

1. Tobacco

1. Associated with birth rituals, courtship, marriage, death and person prayer
2. Smoke is the pathway to the spirit world, burned in pipes

1. Dream catcher

1. Small hoop with horsehair mesh and feathers and beads
2. Kept the bad dream, let good dream go through the centre circle and down the feather

1. Health issue

1. because of the number of consanguineous marriages in Yakutia, including first-cousin unions, is rather high which increased probability of genetic disorders.
2. It was found that among Natives living in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the most prevalent diseases, on average, are

1. digestive diseases, diseases of the genitourinary system, circulatory system diseases, diseases of the respiratory system and diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue.
2. It is mostly due to the extreme conditions of the Russian north and the consanguineous marriages.
3. This shows that in health care system, the Yakuts experienced the some level of medical treatment, but with a much lesser amount of doctor, nurse and hospital beds.

1. Living condition

1. Families rely on outhouses and outdoor water pumps --- inconvenient in the winter time.
2. low quality housing and high costs of operation and maintenance
3. The share of old and dilapidated housing stock over 11% in total of 3% in Russia, and the rate gets higher in the far east which is the poorest and semi-agrarian region.

1. Transportation

1. Railway transport is relatively new to the republic, but today ranks second by freight turnover, following waterborne transport.
2. Sakha transports 70% of the freight into the region by river over a very short period of navigation.
3. The main system of transportation in the republic is aviation.
4. by truck is easier on the frozen roads in winter.
5. Difficult transport infrastructure makes Sakha's economy vulnerable.