Paul and Anti Judaism: Ruether Vs Gager

Ruether vs. Gager: Romans 11:26

"Jesus, yes; but Paul never". It is very clear that this statement sums up some individual's viewpoint of the Apostle known as Paul. Everyone has their own interpretation and everyone has formed their own opinion. It is ironic that the most famous character in the New Testament outside of Jesus gets misunderstood more than anyone other person of his time. If its any consolation, Jesus also got misunderstood, this puts Jesus and Paul in a league of their own. Possibly, people just didn't want to hear what he said so they form negative connotations against him so they are exempt from his teachings. There are a number of different scenarios you can create to figure out the enigma that is Paul the Apostle. I will concentrate on one simple verse in the Bible. The verse is Romans 11:26.

"And so all Israel will be saved, as it is written: "The Deliverer will come out of Zion, and He will turn away ungodliness from Jacob" (Rom. 11:26)

The first section of Romans 11:26 has been interpreted and dissected from many people. It seems to have many meanings in the form that Paul wrote it. Two particular people have written literary works about Paul and in both this verse is mentioned. Both authors have different interpretations of the verse and see Paul in a different light because of it.

I will start with Rosemary Ruether who believes that Paul is Anti-Jewish. In her commentary about Paul, she clearly states that Judaism is the opposite of Faith in Christ. If you are a Jew, you are not a Christian and if a Christian, not a Jew. She makes the argument that there is nothing special about Jewish people, for Jewish and Gentile are both sinners and have fallen short of the Glory. In regards to Romans 11:26, Ruether believes in the salvation of the Jews, but she believes it is at an appointed time. If you look a verse before, Paul mentions the Jewish people as living with a mystery. He mentions a mystery that he does not want the Jews to be ignorant about. Ruether believes Paul is saying in verse 25 that God has hardened the hearts of the Jewish people for a time, until the fullness of the Gentiles has come. In other words, once the Gentiles are gathered into the kingdom of God, the Jews' hearts will be unhardened and they too will gather into the kingdom of God.

Ruether makes it very clear that God has an "elect" people in Israel. These are the people God has chosen to enter into the kingdom of Heaven. Ruether says that as soon as the Gentiles have been gathered in, God will "mysteriously" unharden the hearts of the Jews. This is where Ruether draws out the "mystery" Paul is referring to in verse 25. Ruether believes that the "conversion of the Jews" becomes the last event in the historical economy of salvation. The conversion shows that God did not abandon his people but reserved those till the right moment came to bring in the "elect" of Israel.

Many will read Ruether's interpretation and say that in verse 26, it says all of Israel will be saved. Ruether does not believe this to be true. In Ruether's interpretation, God has chosen certain people in Israel to enter into his kingdom. Some will enter into the kingdom of God and some will never partake in the event of salvation. It is apparent that Ruether believes Paul is that father of anti-Judaism. He believes that Paul replaced Judaism with Christianity though never actually calling himself a Christian. According to Ruether, Paul believed Judaism only existed to be dissolved and absorbed into the Christian church. Whether this is a logical way to think of Paul remains to be seen.

With every radical view there is an opposing opinion offered against it. John Gager offers his take on Paul and his place in Judaism. While Ruether believes Paul is highly anti-Jewish, Gager believes the opposite of Paul. He believes that Paul was not anti-Jewish, and did not favor Christianity. Gager makes the point that Paul converted from Judaism, but does not believe Paul was a Christian and did not turn his back on his former life as a Jew. Gager also believes that Paul was not the father of Anti-Judaism and that Paul counted the Torah valuable for those of Jewish decent.

Gager argues that Paul could not have converted to Christianity because nowhere in any of Paul's letters does he refer to himself as a Christian. Also, Paul never stated that he was not a Jew. Neither a Christian nor a Jew, Gager emphasizes Paul as "an apostle to the Gentiles". Gager argues that if Paul indeed did become a Christian, he would have had some concept of Christianity, which he doesn't mention. Therefore, Paul was not a Jew or a Christian but something else. This is where we come to know Paul as the "apostle to the Gentiles".

Gager offers plenty of evidence to his claim that Paul was not anti-Jewish. Romans 3:1, Romans 3:31, Romans 7:7 and Romans 7:12 are all examples Gager uses to argue that Paul took a pro-Israel stand. In those verses, Paul declares the law to be just and good and people should uphold the law through faith. This is in direct disagreement with Ruether who stated that Paul opposed the Torah and found no value in it. Gager clearly believes Paul's belief is Torah for those in the Law and faith in Christ for those outside the Law (Gentiles). Circumcision is still valid for those in the Law, but for those outside the Law, it is not meaningful for they do not live by the Law.

Paul clearly opposes the Law in his writings in the New Testament. Gager take the stand against Paul's opposition by claiming the bad things Paul said about the Law only apply to Gentiles in the Jesus movement. For example, Gager believes that circumcision was a valid way to salvation for Jewish people. His evidence for this is found in Romans 2:25, "For circumcision is indeed profitable if you keep the whole law..." which states that it is possible to be saved from circumcision if you are a keeper of the Law.

Gager also makes a case for Gentiles. If you are a Gentile, there is no need for circumcision, because a Gentile's way to salvation is through faith in Jesus Christ. This explains