Paying Careful Attention to Research Literature, Critically Discuss the Proposition That Men and Women Talk Differently.

Paying careful attention to research literature, critically discuss the proposition that men and women talk differently.

To determine whether women and men talk differently there are three main aspects to be considered; firstly does the language actually differ? How does it differ? and why do women and men talk differently. Evidence for this has stemmed from anthropology, dialectology, sociolinguists and social psychology. There is certainly plenty of evidence of differences between women and men in the area of language. For instance, girls are seen as verbally more precocious than boys (Maccoby and Jacklin 1974; Chambers 1992). "Over many years, women have demonstrated an advantage over men in tests of fluency, speaking, sentence complexity, analogy, listening, comprehension of both written and spoken material, vocabulary, and spelling" (Chambers, 1992). By contrast "men are more likely to stutter and too have reading disabilities. They are also much more likely to suffer aphasic speech disorders after brain damage...males are also four times more likely to suffer infantile autism and dyslexia than are females" (Chambers, 1992). It therefore appears that females are initially at an advantage in terms of such verbal skills, and this may be a starting point to why women and men use language differently.

The aspect of gender differences in language can be described by two different categories. One of these being Sex-based differences that is inherent to the language system. Every language has a set of basic elements such as phonemes and morphemes; and a general set of rules that all native speakers have the same knowledge of. However, in some languages some of these rules are dependent

on the gender of the language user (Brouwer, Gerritsen & Haan, 1979) in some languages there is one guideline for males and another for women. More interestingly however is the degree to which there are gender-based differences in this language use, specifically concentrating on the extent of how the basic rules of language are used and in what combination or preference. One very general belief of why there is a gendered difference between men and women's language use is based on the social dominance of men over women. The idea of women's insecure social position seems to give rise to the way a woman talks and uses the language rules set within her society.

In terms of conversational patterns, it has been observed or claimed that women use more verbal "support indicators" like "mm-hmm" than men do: that men interrupt women more than they interrupt other men, and more than women interrupt either men or other women; that women express uncertainty and hesitancy more than men; and that males are more likely to give direct orders than females are. However, for nearly all these claimed differences there are of course some contradictory findings. Yet because of the enormous effects on social and interpersonal context on all the variables involved, and the enormous range of individual differences among people of all sexes, both in general and in their responses to differing circumstances, and the strong effect of social stereotypes on experimenter's interpretations as well as on their subjects behavior, this is an especially difficult kind of topic to study. People and social circumstances are variable and complicated, and its clear that you need to look at the details in order to predict behavioral tendencies, much less individual behavior.

As for the explanation of the gendered speech differences, there are biological "evolutionary psychology" theories, and two classes of culture-based theories, generally known as difference theories and dominance theories. According to difference theories, men and women inhabit different cultural worlds. To quote Deborah Tannen's 1990 popularization "you just don't understand", "boys and girls grow up in what are essentially different cultures, and so talk between women and men is cross-cultural communication". According to dominance theories, men and women inhabit the same cultural and linguistic world, in which power and status are distributed unequally, and are expressed by linguistic as well as other cultural markers. In principle, women and men have access to the same set of linguistic and conversational devices, and use them for the same purposes. Apparent differences in usage reflect differences in status and in goals.

The basic ideas of the two-culture theory go back at least to the early 1980's however; the most influential recent exponent of the theory has been Deborah Tannen. In Tannen's version, women use language to achieve intimacy, resulting in what she calls "rapport talk". For women, "talk is the glue that holds relationships together", and so conversations are "negotiations for closeness in which people try to seek and give confirmation and support, and to reach consensus". Men on the other hand, use language to convey information, resulting in what Tannen calls "report talk", because men maintain relationships through other activities, conversation for them becomes a negotiation for status in which each participant attempts to establish or improve his place in a hierarchical social order. Many have found Tannen's characteristics true to life, while others have criticized her for promoting social stereotypes. Of course, both views might be correct.

The claims that have been made about the differences between the language used by men and that used by women seem nothing but unreliable. In fact many of the assumptions and conclusions about gendered speech styles drawn from research before 1990 needs to be reconsidered. This is at its most whereby gender is treated as a dualistic, polarized, and explicitly assigned category parallel to sex. This conception of gender is seen as far too simplistic (Greenwood & Freed 1996). One of the major reasons why evidence concerning this topic is regarded to be of dubious reliability is due to the research methods used.

Two discourse features that have been widely studied and regularly associated with gendered speech styles is the use and occurrence of 'you know', and the use of questions in conversations. The expression of 'you know' has been described as a female hedging device, and interpreted as a marker of both insecurity and of powerlessness. In Coates (1993) view "A statement like 'it was, you know, really interesting' is considered less assertive than its unhedged version..." Coates also reported that the frequent occurrence of such statements revealed "malfunction in turn-taking"; however, in her more recent book such comments