Psychology

1. The definition of psychology means the science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems (Weiten, 2004). In the John/Joan experiment, we will look at the biological perspective, behaviorist perspective, and the sociocultural perspective of the case.

The John/Joan experiment was an interesting case because it stirred up the issue of gender behavior being a result of nature vs. nurture. The biological perspective of the study believes that a person is born with particular traits that do not change over time. This perspective is presented by Dr. Milton Diamond. He believed that the "sex organ is between the ears and not between the legs, that it is "hardwired" into the brain from conception" (S. Schreier, personal communication, January 8, 2006).

This perspective supports that behavior is determined by nature and cannot be changed or taught. A person cannot adopt a different mentality. No matter the number of times Joan went to see Dr. Money and the ways, in which the mother tried to replace Joan's toys for girl toys, she felt as though her acting like a girl was wrong. Dr. Diamond believed that just because the child had a sex reassignment, the child was still mentally a boy. Joan refused to play with dolls and would beat up her brother and seize his toy cars and guns. (Colapinto, 2004). Estrogen supplements were able to change his sexual organs to the opposite sex, but could never actually change his emotions and mentality to that of a girl.

On the other hand, the behaviorist perspective believes that behavior is a response to stimulus. The stimulus was the sex reassignment, so that Joan had physical and visual reassurance that she was a girl even though she did not feel like a girl. In this case, behavior can be educated, so that Joan could be taught to behave in a certain way, like a girl. The behaviorist perspective supports the notion of nurture and that behavior traits are learned instead of being fixed. Dr. Money's theory was that "newborns are psychosexually neutral" (Colapinto, 1997). In other words, the mind of a newborn child is a clean slate, so that "normal children are born psychosexually undifferentiated" despite the organs that they are given at birth (Colapinto, 1997). He believed that he and the parents could teach Joan to behave like a girl and dress. Money was determined in believing that Joan could not psychologically make the sex change until her physical sex change was finished, as though her physical appearance was determining her mental state (Colapinto, 1997).

The sociocultural perspective believes that the environment a child is raised in will influence his or her behavior. This perspective looks at social pressures and culture influences on behavior taking more into account the gender roles that exist in society. The cooking and cleaning stereotypical roles for women were enforced on Joan as she was turned away from shaving her face with her dad and given make-up from her mom (Colapinto, 1997). "I saw other girls doing their thing- combing their hair, holding their dolls. Joan was not at all like that. Not at all" (Colapinto, 1997, p. 13). Dr. Money theorized that the strong foundations of gender differences and sexual well-being exist in the male and female genitals and their reproductive behavior (Colapinto, 1997). Joan was enforced to act, dress, and behave like a girl, even though her behavior remained masculine.

2. A crucial part of investigating and obtaining research is the way in which the researcher goes about collecting the information. With adults the rules and regulations are different than when dealing with children because children are more vulnerable and willing to please an older person. In the John/Joan case, incidences occurred that force psychologists to investigate Dr. Money's means in studying the twins, Joan and Kevin. Especially with a case, such as the John/Joan case, involving the sexual identity mentally and physically of a child through the years of puberty, Dr. Money should have taken into consideration the damage that could occur by strictly following the guidelines for research. Through the article and the movies, it appears as though Dr. Money did not take the greatest care for the guidelines involving children in research.

According to the Society for Research in Children Development (SRCD), in evaluating Dr. Money's procedures, he violated some ethical standards for research with children. Principle 1 is, no harmful procedures should be taken that may affect a child physically or psychologically and in continuing with the research, the researcher should use the least stressful procedures. After John's castration in 1967, Money deemed it necessary to meet with Joan once a year for counseling to prevent "psychological hazards" (Colapinto, 1997). Where Dr. Money violated Principle 1 was in asking the children inappropriate questions at a young age and showing them explicit sex pictures. Kevin recalls Money asking him if he ever dreamt of having sex with women and if he ever had erections. Similar questions were asked to Joan as well. In claiming to "reinforce" gender identity roles Money showed the children pornography. The twins explain that Money was two-sided in that he acted one way with their parents and irritable when he was alone with the children. When the children were resistant to Money's commands he would yell and scold them. At one point, he asked the children take of their clothes and inspect each other's genitals (Colapinto, 1997).

Principles 9 and 10 were also violated. If at some point in the project information may jeopardize the child's psychological well-being, the researcher is required to discuss the information with the parents and arrange necessary assistance for the child. In this case, Money shows the violation of the ninth Principle as well as the third Principle because he did not receive full parental consent. He withheld information from the parents concerning the procedures dealing with inappropriate questions, pornography, and genital inspection. Money did have the parents' consent to talk with the children in hopes of preventing future psychological harm, but he did not inform the parents of all the features of the research. The parents were unaware that the meetings were part of Money's study and used to obtain research, which is in violation of the eleventh Principle of confidentiality. The violation Principle 12 was in Dr. Money's failure to immediately correct unwanted consequences.

Dr. Money was required by Principle 11 to keep in confidence the information