St. Paul and the Apocalypse

If one hears of apocalypse it drums up certain mental imagery or word associations. In most cases these images are informed by certain religious groups, television images and the like. However, the popular definition of apocalypse does not provide a proper or clear description for academic scholarship. It becomes important in biblical research to have a properly informed definition of apocalypse. An examination of its historical relevance, place in literature, key components and the like becomes useful in this study. This paper provides a fundamental definition of apocalypse that is useful in biblical research.

In constructing a definition of apocalypse it is beneficial to start from a broad understanding and work into the specifics. To accomplish this goal a broad definition is needed: "Apocalypse: A name frequently given to the last book of the Bible. Apocrypha: (1) matters secret or mysterious (2) of unknown origin, forged, spurious (3) unrecognized, uneconomical" This definition paints with the broadest strokes what is meant. However, it fails to provide any information on development, literary style and other key features. It does point out, however, that apocalypse necessarily implies something hidden. For: "the word apocrypha is of Greek derivation an signifies books that are 'hidden away.' from the point of view of those who approved of these books, they were 'hidden' or withdrawn from common use because they were regarded as containing mysterious or esoteric lore, too profound to be communicated to any except the initiated." Apocalypse and apocrypha are caught up with one another, as will be seen below.

Apocalypse originally, "comes from the Greek word which means 'revelation.'" It is evident that his word appears in Biblical literature after the translation into Greek. It is important to examine it as a literary genre:

'Apocalypse' is a genre of revelatory literature with a narrative framework, in which a revelation is mediated by an otherworldly being to a human recipient, disclosing a transcendent reality which is both temporal, insofar as it envisages eschatological salvation, and spatial, insofar as it involves another, supernatural world; such a work is intended to interpret present, earthly circumstances in light of the supernatural world and of the future, and to influence both the understanding and the behavior of the audience by means of divine authority.

The key elements to note are the mediation of the visions by a being not of this world, transcendent nature of the vision, concern with history and the eschaton. These are key elements one find in apocalyptic literature. Though it is found in Biblical literature it was not, "confined to a single culture or religious tradition. It appears in Jewish, Christian, Gnostic, Greek, Latin and Persian literature." It is not solely a Jewish or Christian phenomenon.

Those individuals who produced apocalyptic works have certain characteristics that are worth noting. These characteristics become important when one considers what works become labeled as apocrypha, outside the cannon. As we have noted, "classic apocalypses combine the two concerns so that contact with and knowledge of the heavenly world provides an understanding of history and supposes a way of life." The last part of this remark becomes highly important. Apocalyptic works give a way of life, ethics, morality, etc. If the literature predicts a future than there must be a way to prepare for that given future. For: "the apocalypses present a view of reality and attempt to lure the reader to accept it and to live in accordance with it. Each apocalypse contains a 'program for life.'" These individual experiences transcend this world to another transcendental world. The reader is invited to view this world through, "a virtual revelatory experience" One is drawn into the revelation. Questions arise about the truth of these experiences, leading them to be considered outside the cannon. When Jewish and Christian communities gather to establish their cannon such concerns occupy them. They must answer the question: Where do apocalyptic images and writings fall into authentic inspired works worthy of being included in the cannon? Are these merely personal revelatory experiences?

As a literary genre it has given characteristics. These characteristics have been taken from an examination of a variety of apocalyptic literature. The characteristics are:

First the level of conflict in Apocalyptic is cosmic ... Second, as befits the cosmic stage on which it is played out, the drama of apocalypse presents two mighty opposites who must meet in mortal combat ... Third, despite the fact that an individual; apocalypse is written in response to historical circumstances in its authors own time, this body of literature is less concerned with actual history than with the end of history or what we call eschatology ... Fourth, apocalyptic literature frequently takes the form of a report of a visions experienced by the speaker in the work ... Finally, in all apocalyptic works except the book of Revelation, the one to whom the revelation comes is some great individual out of the past.

There are certain markers of apocalyptic literature. Apocalypticism is always concerned with a cosmic order of events. In this order there is a tension between two opposites, good and evil or life and death. Apocalyptic literature always develops within a given context. The language of apocalypticism, "is born out of extreme social dislocation and anomie ...it is a...profound expression of crisis among those who are cut off from the sources of social and religious power." This characteristic becomes evident as one examines the period in which in which this literature develops in Judaism. Apocalyptic literature is told as the experience of an individual. This revelation is usually credited to a great figure of the past. This form of construction is used by both Jews and Christians.

The Jews primarily used this form of literature. "to provide a chronological framework into which the less focused remarks of the prophets can be fitted." It provided a timeline of things to come or gave a picture of the eschaton. A characteristic of apocalypticism is that it is concerned with the future or eschatology. It tends to, "emphasize the interest in history and the future, that is, the eschatological dimension." This concern with history and especially the future, "indicates a link with the prophetic literature of Israel and Judah." It arises at a time when the prophets are not active. Thus, it fills