Study Guide - Interaction Between Humans and Environment

Thematic Questions:

Directions: Answer each question in one paragraph, use the suggested topics below each question to guide your answer. You may use one or all of the suggested topics under the question, you must use at least one of the suggested topics.

Theme 1: Interaction between Humans and Environment

1. 1.        Explain the environmental advantages and disadvantages of major migration communication, and exchange networks
2. a.        Intensification and expansion of maritime trade routes
3. 2.        Explain how environmental factors influenced human migration and settlements:
4. a.        Little Ice Age
5. 3.        Explain how human migrations affected the environment:
6. a.        Colonization
7. 4.        Explain how people used technology to overcome geographic barriers to migration over  time:
8. a.        Maritime technology
9. b.        Imperial expansion
10. 5.        Assess the causes and effects of spread of epidemic disease over time:
11. a.        Colombian Exchange
12. 6.        Assess the demographic causes and effects of the spread of new foods and agricultural techniques:
13. a.        Colombian Exchange

Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Culture

1. 1.        Explain how religious beliefs systems developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks:
2. a.        Reform of existing religions and creation of syncretic belief systems
3. 2.        Analyze the ways in which religious and secular belief systems affected political, economic, and social institutions:
4. a.        Syncretic belief systems and practices
5. b.        Political rulers
6. 3.        Explain and compare how teachings and social practices of different religious and secular belief systems affected gender roles and family structures:
7. a.        Spread and reform of syncretic religions and practices
8. 4.        Explain how cross cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technologies and scientific knowledge:
9. a.        Cartography and navigation
10. b.        Transoceanic voyages  
11. 5.        Explain how economic religious and political elites defined and sponsored art and architecture:
12. a.        Spread of literacy
13. b.        Courtly literature, rulers
14. 6.        Explain the relationship between expanding exchange networks and the emergence of various forms of trans regional culture, including music, literature, and visual arts
15. a.        Funding and expansion of arts

Theme 3: Stat Building, Expansion, and Conflict:

1. 1.        Explain and compare how rulers constructed and maintained different forms of governance:
2. a.        Taxation
3. b.        Rulers legitimize power
4. c.        Trading-post empires
5. 2.        Analyze how functions and institutions of governments have changed:
6. a.        Gunpowder empires, state rivalries
7. 3.        Analyze how state formation and expansion were influenced by various forms of economic organization such as agrarian, pastoral, mercantile and industrial production
8. a.        Mercantilism, joint stock companies
9. b.        Colonial empires
10. c.        Land-based and maritime expansion
11. 4.        Explain and compare how social cultural and environmental factors influenced state formation expansion and dissolution:
12. a.        African American, European interactions
13. b.        New social and political elites and hierarchies
14. c.        State consolidation and imperial expansion
15. 5.        Assess the degree to which the functions of cities within states or empires have changed overtime:
16. a.        Monumental architecture and urban design
17. 6.        Assess the relationship between states with centralized governments and those without including pastoral and agricultural societies
18. a.        Portuguese and West Africans
19. 7.        Assess how and why internal conflicts, such as revolts and revolution have influenced the process of state building expansion, and dissolution
20. a.        Differential treatment of groups
21. b.        Competition for overland trade routes and local resistance
22. 8.         Assess how and why external conflicts and alliances have influenced the process of state building expansion and dissolution:
23. a.        Local resistance
24. 9.        Assess how and why commercial exchanges have influenced the process of state building expansion and dissolution
25. a.        Globalization networks and their political and economic effects
26. b.        Colonial empires
27. c.        Tributary taxes and expansion
28. d.        Maritime and land-based empires
29. e.        Competition over trade routes
30. 10.        Analyze the political and economic interactions between states and non-state actors
31. a.        Globalization
32. b.        Rulers consolidate power over groups and populations
33. c.        Competition over trade routes state rivalries

Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems

1. 1.        Evaluate the relative economic advantages and disadvantages of foraging, pastoralism, and agriculture
2. a.        Colombian Exchange
3. b.        Changes in labor for agriculture
4. c.        Plantations
5. 2.        Assess the economic strategies of different types of states and empires
6. a.        Global economy
7. b.        State support for maritime voyages and trade
8. c.        Mercantilism, joint stock companies
9. d.        New political and economic elites
10. e.        Imperial expansion
11. f.        Interstate rivalry
12. 3.        Explain and compare forms of labor organization, including  families and labor specialization within and across different societies:
13. a.        Atlantic world
14. b.        Coerced labor
15. 4.        Explain and compare the causes and effects of different forms of coerced labor systems:
16. a.        Labor regimes in the Atlantic system
17. b.        Slavery in Africa; elites’ ability to control labor
18. 5.        Analyze the relationship between belief systems and economic systems:
19. a.        Spread of religions and religious syncretism in regional and newly global trade networks
20. b.        Economic role in the consolidation of imperial power
21. 6.        Explain and compare the causes the ways in which economic philosophies influenced economic policies and behaviors  
22. a.        Mercantilism
23. 7.        Analyze the roles of pastoralists, traders, and travelers in the diffusion of crops, animals, commodities, and technologies
24. a.        Maritime technology
25. b.        Columbian Exchange
26. c.        Plantation crops
27. 8.        Explain how the development of financial instruments and techniques facilitated economic exchanges:
28. a.        Joint stock Companies
29. 9.        Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted or changed over time
30. a.        Intensification of existing trade routes; new maritime routes
31. b.        Transoceanic shipping
32. c.        Columbian Exchange
33. d.        Gunpowder empires and trade
34. 10.        Analyze how international economic institutions, regional trade agreements and corporations- both local and multinational- have interacted with state economic authority:
35. a.        Changing global patterns of trade
36. b.        Royal chartered companies
37. c.        Effects on regional markets joint stock companies

Theme 5: Development and Transformation of Social Structures