Study Guide for Bio-182

Answer

Terms

Definition

1. Alveolates

1. Protist group that has membrane-bound sacs beneath the plasma membrane

1. Amoebozoans

1. Clade that includes organisms with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia; includes slime molds, tubulinids, and entamoebas

1. Apicomplexans

1. Parasitic organism that causes malaria and has a complex of organelles at one end that is used to attack prey

1. Archaea

1. Domain of prokaryotic organisms that do not contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls; many members exist in extreme environments or have unique ways of obtaining energy (methanogens).

1. Bioremediation

 AD. Process of using prokaryotic organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water

1. Brown Algae

U. Photosynthetic algal group that is complex and multicellular; brown or olive color is from carotenoids.

1. Cellular Slime Mold

R. Slime mold that can function as single cells or can form aggregates of cells that function as a unit if food resources are depleted

1. Ciliates

1. Organism with many hair-like cilia on its surface; conjugation and reproduction are separate parts of its life-cycle (example – Paramecium).

1. Conjugation

1. Process of transferring DNA between two prokaryotic cells

1. Dinoflagellates

1. Organism, with two flagella arranged in perpendicular grooves, that emits a bioluminescent glow when disturbed

1. Diplomonads

1. Protists that have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella

1. Endospores

1. Thick-coated structure produced by some bacteria in response to harsh conditions; contains a copy of the bacteria's DNA

1. Endotoxins

1. Pathogenic lipopolysaccharide components of bacterial outer membranes that are released when bacteria die; exotoxins are pathogenic proteins secreted by living bacteria.

1. Euglenids

 D. An autotrophic/photosynthetic organism that has a light detector and chloroplast as well as two flagella

1. Euglenozoans

1. Protists group that has flagella with internal spiral or crystalline rods

1. Extremophiles

1. Lovers' of extreme environmental conditions (examples - halophile [high saline], thermophile [high heat], psychrophile [extreme cold])

1. Golden Algae

1. Photosynthetic algal group having yellow and brown carotenoids

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria

1. Bacteria that have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane; members have diverse nutritional modes (examples - proteobacteria, chlamydias, spirochetes, and cyanobacteria).

1. Gram-Positive Bacteria

1. Bacteria with a cell wall that has a thick peptidoglycan layer that retains crystal violet stain (examples - Streptomyces and Bacillus sp.).

1. Green Algae

1. Algal organisms that are photosynthetic and contain many chloroplasts

1. Heterocyst

1. Cells that carry out only nitrogen fixation; these cells are part of a photosynthetic cyanobacteria.

1. Kinetoplastids

1. Have a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA (kinetoplast) (example - Trypanosoma causes sleeping sickness and uses immunological camouflage to avoid host detection).

1. Mixotrophs

AB. Organisms which can obtain nutrients/energy from autotrophy or heterotrophy

1. Parabasalids

1. Protists that have flagella and an undulating membrane

1. Plasmodial Slime Mold

1. Slime mold that is brightly pigmented and can have a single mass of cytoplasm with multiple nuclei

1. Red Algae

1. Algal organisms that are photosynthetic and contain phycoerythrin.

1. Rhizarians

1. Organisms that have threadlike pseudopodia for feeding; includes radiolarians, forams, and cercozoans.

1. Stramenopiles

1. Group of protists with both hairy and smooth flagella

1. Transduction

AC. Occurs when phages carry prokaryotic genes form one host cell to another

1. Transformation

1. Occurs when a bacteria takes up and incorporates foreign DNA from its surroundings