The Archigram Movement

Very little has been written about the visionary, predominantly British architectural movement, Archigram, since it first came to prominence in 1960. Of the scant texts available (of which many are in Japanese, as opposed to English), the authors generally attempt to describe this radical form of architecture only in terms of its designers/innovators - Ron Herron, Michael Webb, Warren Chalk and Dennis Crompton - and the ways in which it differs from the pre-existing traditions. The fascination of an architectural collective, members of which have envisioned leviathan walking cities (Ron Herron, Walking City, 1964), and people living inside bubbles (David Greene, Inflatable Suit-Home, 1968) compels one to question why academics and critics have not yet pursued more detailed studies in this subject area. The aim of the Archigram Group was not only to alter the way we envisage architecture; its members wanted to change civilisation on every possible level - physically, socially and culturally. Since reading Herbert Lachmayer's dissection of Archigram, which states that the movement proposes a `democratic emancipated capitalism, directed towards a humane working environment, pleasure-oriented consumption, and the pursuit of individual happiness', I have questioned the political motivations of the movement. It is my intention to examine one particular aspect of Archigram which has not to date been discussed in any great depth. In this study, I hope to speculate on the political stance of the Archigram movement as a whole, and to analyse the extent to which Archigram may be said to reflect the political and social climate of post-war consumer culture in the West. I will begin by interpreting the collision of two seemingly incompatible economic systems - communism/ socialism and capitalism - which Archigram represents, before moving on to a discussion of the elements of Futurism, Fascism and idealism inherent in the movement. I will also cite other relevant cultural events of the day, influences and world visions.

Drawn from his 1859 Critique of the Political Economy, communism as described by Karl Marx advocates a classless society in which private ownership has been abolished and the means of production belong to the community, whereas socialism is an economic theory or system in which the means of production, distribution, and exchange are owned collectively by the community, usually through the state. In Leninist theory, socialism is a transitional stage in the development of a society from capitalism to communism. Marx perceived that the economy is the driving force behind all social change; that changes in the economic base affect the social superstructure - eg. the legal and education systems - which is raised upon it.

Many of Marx' and Engels' ideas appear to have indirectly influenced the proponents of Archigram. For example, Marx believed in the de-individualisation of society for the greater good. He maintained that a civilisation where everyone was equal, with the abolition of class systems, would lead to a better and more mutually productive society. The designs of Peter Cook and his contemporaries reflect to an extent these notions. They envisioned a society where everyone lived in non-static homes (Instant City, 1968), forging a close link between mobility and freedom. This idea of `travelling environments' would potentially allow settlements or communities to evolve undivided by social strata, with no suburbs or privileged areas. David Greene's Living Pods (1966) are akin to the modern caravan or mobile home - capsules that could move about freely, even underground, and be attached to any number of other pods to create a transient society. In an ideal situation, everyone, rich or poor, would have one of these living pods, and could connect themselves to any other pod, with no regard to social class, financial status etc., but we know from experience that people would soon look for other ways of expressing wealth and social standing. One negative criticism of `pod living' - and of communism itself - is its utilitarian nature and design, and the lack of opportunities for individual expression. It could be argued that, in the capitalist West, notions of de-individualisation, whether in regard to politics or architecture, were doomed to failure. The class system is a powerful divisive mechanism of western society, and attempts to overthrow it (I cite the examples of 20th century Communist Russia and China) have resulted in uneven structures of power, which benefit those at the top of the hierarchy, resulting in an Orwellian society, where `some are more equal than others'.

Another positive concept which links Archigram to communism is the regenerative potential it offers for post-war society. The designs and methods of the Archigram movement could supply a society in need of rapid regeneration following an extended period of conflict the means to rebuild itself, and make the provision of accommodation for a sudden and substantial influx of labour power. These designs could potentially have been implemented, for example, in the post-war years of the former German Democratic Republic, where whole cities lay in ruins, and the extensive construction of compact, practical, utilitarian housing was needed. However, it is important to note that very few of the Archigram designs were realised; prototypes of certain designs exist, but nothing was constructed on the grand scale which the architects themselves had envisaged. The spiralling cost of materials, and a lack of practical expertise, technology and physical resources in the post-war years meant that many designs were never likely to be realised. One could compare the situation of the early proponents of Archigram with that of the Soviet Constructivist architects during the Second World War - they, too, had neither the capital nor the resources to realise their designs. To compensate for this, the Soviet architects began to build scale models of their designs out of paper, which coined the term `Paper Architecture'. The Archigram architects may actually have been in a position to be able to build some of their designs, but no evidence exists to suggest that the physical means were at their disposal at the time to incorporate, for example, their ideas which utilised anti-gravity technology (Ron Herron, Anti-gravity Suit). Therefore, many of the Archigram designs remained as `architecture on paper', and never underwent construction and realisation. Perhaps the most powerful political and economical force in contemporary society is capitalism. The Oxford English Dictionary describes capitalism as an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange. In other words, capitalism is an economic model that calls for control of the economy by individual households and privately