The Flaw of Evolutionary Theory

The Flaws of Evolutionary Theory

In the early years scientists once believe that life came from spontaneous generation, process by which life was thought to be formed from a nonliving substance. Early scientists thought that mud produced fish and that rotting meat produced flies was a justification for what people observed.

In 1668 an Italian physician, Francesco Redi put this theory into action. His design of a controlled experiment to test the idea of the spontaneous generation was a typical example of the scientific method. He tested this experiment by placing rotten meat into two experimental jars and two in controlled jars. Redi left the controlled group uncovered allowing flies and microorganisms to enter while the experimental group was covered uncovered. By using this experiment he was able to test his hypothesis that only flies produce only flies. Over time, the control jars was filled with maggots and flies while the experimental jars was free of any organisms. According to his experiment this indicates that only when eggs were laid on the rotting meat were flies produced. Even though that Redi disproved spontaneous generation of larger organisms, microorganisms were so common that it was believed that they occurred in vital force in air.

In the mid-1800s, a French scientist, Louis Pasteur, tested this theory of vital force in air. To disprove spontaneous generation he distinguished that he would have to set up an experiment in which only air was to come in make contact with to the nutrient broth. By testing his hypothesis he put the nutrient broth in a flask. He first boiled the broth to kill all the microorganisms and the air inside. The s-shaped neck of the flask allowed air not microorganisms to get through. He believed that if vital forces in air are the process of producing life was the answer, and then by tilting the flask allowing nothing to enter would produce life. But that was not the case, after more than a year Pasteur's flask was still free of microorganisms. To prove his hypothesis he put the flask up right allowing microorganisms to enter the flask. Like he predicted the flask soon became cloudy with microorganisms. This experiment proved that microorganisms came from microorganisms and not from air itself. Pasteur's experiment ended the debate and disproved the spontaneous generation. His flasks are in display at the Pasteur institute in Paris, and after almost 150 years his flasks are still free of the growth of microorganisms.

In early 1930s a Russian scientist Alexander Oparin planned a highly accepted hypothesis that life began in the early oceans. He commented that energy from the lightning caused chemical reactions to construct simple organic compounds from the current substances. Many chemical reactions taking place in the atmosphere and products raining down into the oceans form a primordial group (origin).

In 1953 two American scientists Stanley Miller and Harold Urey was certain to test Oparin's hypothesis by replicating the conditions of early Earth in the laboratory. Miller and Urey distributed water in the form of steam with ammonia, methane, and hydrogen and then caused to undergo the mixture to electric sparks to produce lightning. After a week, they examined the chemicals in the flask and found several kinds of amino acids, sugars, and other organic compounds, just as Oparin had expected.

Most scientists believed that the nest step was the formation of complex organic compounds and their enclosure by some type of bounding membrane. Ever since the 1950s, experiments have shown that amino acids will connect together to develop small proteins when heated in the deficiency of oxygen. Similar methods have also formed ATP and nucleic acids. These experiments have led scientists to think that life came from small pools of water, where amino acids could concentrate and be warmed. Soon a question arose: How did these chemicals combine to form the first cells? An American biochemist Sidney Fox explained how this combination might have occurred. Fox was able to produce protocells, a large ordered structure that caries out some activities that is associated with life such as growth, division, or metabolism. He first began by taking the experiment done by Miller and Urey one step in advance. He showed how to sort chains of amino acids could come together to form protocells. Underneath a microscope protocells can look like living cells that scientists occasionally oversight them for new species of bacteria.

Today scientists are still using the theory that life comes only from another life. In 1831,Darwin was recommended for the position of neutralists on H.M.S. Beagle. As ships neutralists, his job was to collect, study, and store biological examples revealed along the expedition. Darwin's cautious study of the animal and plant life assembled the way helped him develop his theory of how evolution occurs. The most important observation to Darwin is the one at the Galapagos Islands. Darwin studied and compared the autonomy of many species of birds, plants, insects, and reptiles. By the end of his trip Darwin was convinced that evolution occurs and species have the ability to change. Soon after Darwin finished his studies in England. He observe that in a population of plants or animals, individuals have different traits the can be inherited. By breeding pigeons that had desirable variations, Darwin was able to produce offspring with the same desirable variations. He wondered if there were some forces in nature simulating artificial selection (a technique in which a breeder selects particular traits)

Later on he began to develop a famous idea of evolution through natural selection (a mechanism for change in population that occurs when organisms with favorable variations for a particular environment survive, reproduce, and pass these variations to he next generation). Naturally there is an inclination toward overproduction of offspring. In any population of organisms individuals will show signs of minor changes. Individuals with variations complimentary for a specific environment are more liable to endure and bypass those variations onto the next generation than individuals with less favorable variations. At a steady pace the offspring of the survivors will make up the larger proportion of the population. Depending on the environmental factors a population may look entirely different.

Later in the years scientists took Darwin's theory and took it further. At his time he experimented with out the use of the genes. Today's theory about evolution is still based on Darwin's theory but also includes the principles of genetics. To comprehend how genetic principles work, visualize the entire collection of genes amongst the population as its genetic pool.