The Glorious Revolution in England of 1688

The Glorious Revolution in England of 1688

James II succession to the throne of England came without protest of any kind. James II was the son of Charles I and younger brother to Charles II. In January of 1649, Charles I, King of England, went on trial and was convicted as a "'Tyrant, Traitor, Murderer, and public enemy to the good people of this nation.'" (Cannon, pg. 385) On 7 February 1649, Charles II was proclaimed King of Great Britain. While Charles II was in office, he began to develop a form of government that existed without the parliament. In 1685, when Charles' II brother, James II, took over, James continued with the trend in government that his brother set into action. From the Restoration of Charles II in 1660 to the Glorious Revolution in 1688, there were only six parliaments elected and they met for a total of twenty-two sessions. This was far too little time to resolve political issues or to consider new legislation. Upon James II accession to the throne, he was widely resented by the people of Great Britain because he was a Roman Catholic King to an overwhelmingly Protestant nation.

Despite the resentment James II received from his people, he felt that it was his duty as king to spread Catholicism. In his first attempts to shut out any opposition to his expansion of Catholicism, James II attacked the law, the church, the army, the universities, and the commission of the peace. As a preliminary to establishing his right to appoint Catholic army officers, James II dismissed six judges in early 1686. Later on in 1686, James II set up the Ecclesiastical Commission, which was appointed to keep the church from discussing anything against the Catholic religion. James II had authority figures in the major universities and institutions replaced with a Catholic. This also happened in the army and government. Non-Catholic justices were dismissed and Catholic ones replaced them. Within one year of his accession, the vast majority of the positions of power were entrusted to only Catholics.

By the summer of 1688, the majority of the country was divided between James's II loyal Catholic followers and the abundance of Protestants in England. During the summer of 1688, two events led to the rapid decline of James II power. The first event happened in April 1688 when James II issued a second Declaration of Indulgence, which declared that it was his wish to see his people members of the church to which he belonged. The only thing that changed from the original that he put out in 1685 was that he insisted that the Declaration be read in all churches. Seven bishops in England petitioned James to reconsider the provision, but they were charged with seditious libel and went on trial. They were later acquitted of the charges and this caused more people to dislike James II. The second event that contributed to James's downfall was the birth to his first son to Mary of Modena, James's II second wife. The Protestants could now look forward to a new line of monarchs.

The day after the acquittal of the seven bishops, a cross-section of the aristocracy sent an appeal to William of Orange asking him to intervene to protect English liberties. The aristocrats of England assured William that "nineteen out of twenty Englishmen" would welcome him (Cannon, pg. 425). William of Orange devoted the following months to preparing a fleet and about fourteen-thousand men. Meanwhile, back in England, James II had growing problems among all of his people. Although he had only attacked the Church of England, he had alienated almost all of the natural leaders of the kingdom. Within the navy that James devoted most of his money and time to, there was widespread animosity toward the king due to the introduction of Catholic officers and the popish practices. After the revolution, in a conversation while he was in exile:

"James remarked how much he had spent on the army and navy, whereat his wife retorted, testily, that it did him much good" (Cannon, pg. 385).

Under the circumstances, James's best hope was that his cousin, Louis XIV, king of France, would make some diversion that would prevent William of Orange from leaving Holland. Louis XIV tried to help by warning the Dutch that he would come to James's aide if James were to be attacked. This delayed William for a short time but Louis was forced to launch a major offensive in Alsace, thus opening the window for William to come into England. In this predicament with William, James reversed his political machine. He announced that a new Parliament would meet in November for the first time in three years (Thackeray, pg. 197). James also abandoned the Ecclesiastical Commission, reinstated the majority of the old laws and charters, and began to weed out the new Catholic justices and their dissenting allies. In an attempt to gain his military back, James reinstated the Lords, Lieutenants, Deputy Lieutenants, justices, and university head masters who had been ejected.

Although the drastic changes that James made put the country closely back to how it used to be, it did not stop William from setting sail for England. The people in England were also not fooled by James's attempt to regain loyalty. On the 5th of November of 1688, William landed on England. As William pushed his way across England with the help of the aristocracy, he encountered no resistance. While William pushed forward, James had no choice but to retreat. He retreated all the way back to London, only to find out that all of the nobility had abandoned him. James then escaped to France to seek protection form his cousin, Louis XIV. James's II kingdom was surrendered without any hint of bloodshed. Hence, the Glorious Revolution earned the name the Bloodless Revolution. This was the first revolution where a king was dismounted without any bloodshed