The Significance of Dreaming

Alexander the Great dreamt of a dancing satyr before conquering Tyre. An interpreter said his dream meant, "thine is Tyre", which fortified Alexander before the battle (Boxer 1). President Lincoln dreamt about his own death before it actually occurred several days later, but ignored the dream (Cartwright 3). Is it possible that if he had taken his dream more seriously he could have taken precautions that would have spared his life on that fateful evening at the theater? The course of U.S. history could have been altered just as history was altered when Alexander the Great dreamt of a dancing satyr that led to the courage to conquer Tyre.

Understanding dreams and why we have them is important, but shouldn't influence how we react to our daily lives. Many diverse hypotheses have been made on how and why we dream and there is a wide-spread disagreement by psychologists and scientists to explain these strange happenings.

One of the foremost authorities on dreaming was Sigmund Freud, who attributed dreaming to psychological causes. Freud said, "The dream hides not a divine message, but a wish from the dreamer's unconscious" (Boxer 1). He felt that all dreams were tied to desires that a person wasn't aware of consciously, and dreaming allowed these desires to be fulfilled (Evans 84).

By way of contrast, Dr. J. Allen Hobson does not subscribe at all to Freud's psychological notions, and suggests that dreams are the product of brain stem activity. He says a wish can't be a cause of a dream because the non-thinking part of the brain, the brain stem, activates a dream. "Hobson believes that neurophysiology even explains why dreams seem so emotionally loaded...because the brain stem activates the emotional center--the limbic brain--and because the 'startle network,' the part of the brain stem that speeds the heart and breathing is turned on" (Boxer 3).

G. William Domhoff, Ph.D., of the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams reveal the cultural stereotypes and preoccupations of men and women (Boxer 4). "You break down a verbal report of a dream into its constituent elements and count the number of times each element appears" (4). Analyses of dreams, counting the number of men versus women, friendly versus aggressive interactions, indoor versus outdoor locations, day versus night time, etc., can find out a dreamers preoccupation's, explains Domnoff (4). Analyses like these can prove what men and women both notice more in their dreams. Men's dreams are almost in complete contrast to women's dreams. For example, women notice facial features of people in their dreams more than men, and tend to have more verbal than physical interactions with the people. Men dream of having more aggressive interactions with people, and notice the features of a person's body more (4).

Although we have many more dreams than we remember, there is disagreement among experts whether we are dreaming to remember, or dreaming to forget. Stanley R. Palombo, M. D. of George Washington University said that, "Dreams are a test between the past and the present" (Boxer 5). He contends that dreams show how what is happening in your life now relates to something that has happened in the past. Therefore, we have dreams so that every memory can be stored in an emotionally significannot

place (Boxer 5).

Contrasting Palombo's ideas are Francis Crick, Ph.D., of the Salk Institute and theoretical biologist Graeme Mitchison, Ph.D., of Cambridge, England, who say that since most of our dreams are forgotten, we must be dreaming to forget. "An overloaded memory can malfunction, and this malfunction will show up as an obsession," said Mitchison. If an overloaded memory turns to obsessions, it's like vibrations in an airplane (Boxer 5-6). When you feel these vibrations, they can be meaningful by warning you of a fault with the plane, but it doesn't mean you want to remember them. You want to forget them. What would it be like if every time you got on a plane, all could think about were the vibrations you had heard years before? What Crick and Mitchison are saying is that if you dream of an event after it happens, and you can't remember your dream, it's because you don't want to. Therefore, you dreamt about it in order to forget about it.

These scientists have hypotheses of why we dream, and what the cause of dreaming is, but how can we understand the different kinds of dreams that we have each night, and whether or not we should pay attention to them? Do they have some hidden meaning, or no meaning at all for us? Nightmares, lucid dreams, and repetitive