The Theme of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice

"It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife." The second half of this opening sentence of the novel reveals that the "universal truth" is nothing more than a social truth. When claiming that a single man "must be in want of a wife", Jane Austen reveals that the reverse in also true; a single woman is in, perhaps desperate, want of a husband.

In nineteenth century Britain, what people did and their behaviour was very much governed by the social class they were born into. Class distinction in Jane Austen's time was in fact very rigid. The land-owning aristocracy belonged to the highest rank of the social ladder. The class immediately below them was the gentry who had inherited their fortunes, usually in the form of land. Though the gentry may have been associated with the aristocracy, they were definitely inferior.

Young women of Austen's time had limited socially prescribed options open to them regarding their future. The importance of marriage for a young woman and her family in the nineteenth century may be difficult for modern readers to understand. Although the daughters of the middle and upper class could be sent to school, their education consisted more of becoming accomplished. Society could not conceive of a woman entering a profession such as medicine or law and therefore did not offer her a chance to do so. Because of the extremely limited options a woman had in order to earn a living, marriage was essential for financial and social well-being. Therefore, if a woman remained unmarried for the rest of her life, she would remain dependent on her relatives, living with or receiving a small income from her father, brothers or any other relative that could afford to support her.

The central theme of the novel concerns itself with marriage, as indicated in the ironic opening line of the book. Throughout the novel, it is not the man seeking the wife but more so Mrs. Bennet seeking a husband for her older daughters. Mr. Bingley is already being considered by the ladies present. The novel vividly looks at different types of love and marriage. One of the many different types of marriages that Jane Austen explores is one of economic necessity, the one, which Mr. Collins offers Elizabeth, and the one, which Charlotte Lucas falls into.

Mr. Collins' primary objective for attending at Longbourn was to find a woman suitable for marriage and, when hearing that the eldest daughter of the Bennet family, Jane, is being courted by Mr. Bingley, he turns his attention to Elizabeth. Pompous, ignorant Mr. Collins, in terms of his financial position and Elizabeth's prospects is a "good catch". Mr. Collins sees matrimony as solely a business transaction. Austen states that, as he prepares for the proposal,

"He set about it in an orderly manner, with all the observances which he supposed a regular part of the business."

He lists all the economic and social considerations that lead him to disbelieve Elizabeth's rejection of his proposal. Elizabeth wants to marry for love, not convenience, and Mr. Collins' proposal to Elizabeth is certainly not a culmination of love for her.

One of the sadder aspects of the novel is the case of Elizabeth's best friend and neighbour, Charlotte Lucas. Charlotte is twenty-seven and is quite intelligent, but not very pretty or lively. Since she is without a husband, she necessarily sees marriage as a matter of tactic and manoeuvring. In chapter six of the novel, Charlotte states her view to Elizabeth on the subject of marriage:

"Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance. If the dispositions of the parties are ever so well known to each other, or ever so similar before-hand, it does not advance their felicity in the least. They always continue to grow sufficiently unlike afterwards to have their share of vexation; and it is better to know as little as possible of the defects of the person with whom you are to pass your life."

This statement does much to outline the changing conceptions of family and partnership that are central to Austen's text. The reader can see two very distinct partnership ideologies, voiced by Charlotte Lucas and Elizabeth Bennet. After Charlotte has voiced her views, the more progressive Elizabeth reacts with laughter, assuming that Charlotte's strategies are much like her own and that she would actually never act in this manner. These different partnership ideologies collide when Elizabeth rejects Mr. Collins because she does not love him, followed quickly by Charlotte accepting his marriage proposal out of sheer practicality. Elizabeth's romantic view of marriage results in her feelings of disappointment and shock when she finds out. Elizabeth is blind to Charlotte's practical reasons for marrying Mr. Collins and she can not conceive of Charlotte being happy in such a marriage. Austen clearly shows that the Lucas family feel triumphant about the proposal. They are ready and anxious to sacrifice their daughter to a fool in order to guarantee her economic security:

"Miss Lucas, who accepted him solely from the pure and disinterested desire of an establishment, cared not how soon that establishment were made."

Jane Austen is not a romantic, but she conveys clearly that she disapproves of marriage based on such materialistic grounds. Austen uses the character of Charlotte to stand as a contrast against Elizabeth. Both of these young girls are clearly without financial security, but one is prepared to sacrifice her life in order to guarantee this security.

From the observations of Elizabeth, it seems that Charlotte is settling into a marriage similar to that of Mr and Mrs. Bennet. Charlotte and Mr. Collins are mismatched. Charlotte is well mannered and modest whereas Mr. Collins is overbearing and pompous. Charlotte has found ways to distance herself from her husband, encouraging him to do the gardening while she sits in the living room. When Mr. Collins says something foolish, Elizabeth notices, that Charlotte "wisely did not hear." When seeing how Charlotte is settling into the marriage, she gains a new appreciation of her friend. While she may not agree with Charlottes choice of husband, she now admires her ability to manage her husband and her household. When we reach the end of the novel, Charlotte is pregnant. This is a symbol to show that marriages of convenience can work, but at a cost. Jane Austen uses the character of Charlotte to demonstrate that the heart does not always dictate a marriage.

Lydia's marriage to Wickham gives Austen