Bolman & Deal 4 Frameworks

# Reframing is a key idea.

# Failure due to lack of imagination.

# Frames concept employs usable knowledge.

* Structural

goals

specialized roles

formal relationships

division of labor

rules, policies, procedures, and hierarchies

Problems arise when structure does not fit situation

* Human Resources

extended family

feelings, prejudices, skills, and limitations

tailor org to people

* Political

arenas

contests

jungles

interests compete for limited resources

conflict is rampant

bargaining, negotiation, coercion, and compromise

Problems arise when power is concentrated in wrong place

or when so broadly dispersed nothing gets done.

* Symbolic

cultural and social anthropology

tribes, theater, or carnivals

cultures on rituals, ceremonies, stories, heroes, myths

org is actors

* Integrating the Four Frames

Multiframe thinking requires movement beyond narrow mechanical thinking.