The New Deal

During the 1930's, America witnessed a breakdown of the Democratic and

free enterprise system as the US fell into the worst depression in history.

The economic depression that beset the United States and other countries

was unique in its severity and its consequences. At the depth of the depression,

in 1933, one American worker in every four was out of a job. The great industrial

slump continued throughout the 1930's, shaking the foundations of Western

capitalism.

The New Deal describes the program of US president Franklin D. Roosevelt

from 1933 to 1939 of relief, recovery, and reform. These new policies aimed to

solve the economic problems created by the depression of the 1930's. When Roosevelt

was nominated, he said, "I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the

American people." The New Deal included federal action of unprecedented scope to

stimulate industrial recovery, assist victims of the Depression, guarantee minimum

living standards, and prevent future economic crises. Many economic, political, and

social factors lead up to the New Deal. Staggering statistics, like a 25% unemployment

rate, and the fact that 20% of NYC school children were under weight and malnourished,

made it clear immediate action was necessary.

In the first two years, the New Deal was concerned mainly with relief,

setting up shelters and soup kitchens to feed the millions of unemployed. However

as time progressed, the focus shifted towards recovery. In order to accomplish this

monumental task, several agencies were created. The National Recovery Administration

(NRA) was the keystone of the early new deal program launched by Roosevelt. It was

created in June 1933 under the terms of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The NRA

permitted businesses to draft "codes of fair competition," with presidential approval,

that regulated prices, wages, working conditions, and credit terms. Businesses that

complied with the codes were exempted from antitrust laws, and workers were given the

right to organize unions and bargain collectively. After that, the government set up

long-range goals which included permanent recovery, and a reform of current abuses.

Particularly those that produced the boom-or-bust catastrophe. The NRA gave the President

power to regulate interstate commerce. This power was originally given to Congress. While

the NRA was effective, it was bringing America closer to socialism by giving the President

unconstitutional powers. In May 1935 the US Supreme Court, in Schechter Poultry Corporation

V. United States, unanimously declared the NRA unconstitutional on the grounds that the

code-drafting process was unconstitutional.

Another New Deal measure under Title II of the National Industrial Recovery Act

of June 1933, the Public Works Administration (PWA), was designed to stimulate US

industrial recovery by pumping federal funds into large-scale construction projects. The

head of the PWA exercised extreme caution in allocating funds, and this did not stimulate

the rapid revival of US industry that New Dealers had hoped for. The PWA spent $6 billion

enabling building contractors to employ approximately 650,000 workers who might otherwise

have been jobless. The PWA built everything from schools and libraries to roads and highways.

The