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Clark Leonard Hull

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Clark Leonard Hull

(1884-1952)

* Hull's life

* U. of Wisconsin: studied mining engineering before psychology

* 1918: Ph.D. from Wisconsin

Clark Hull

* early work

o concept formation

o effects of tobacco on behavioral efficiency

o test and measurements

o applied area: Aptitude Testing (1928)

o practical methods of statistical analysis

o invented a machine for calculating correlations

o hypnosis and suggestibility: 10 years, 32 papers, 1 book (1933)

Clark Hull

* 1929: research professor at Yale

* theory of behavior based on Pavlov's laws of conditioning

o his final research interest

o 1927: read Pavlov

o 1930s: articles about conditioning

o 1940: Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning

o 1943: Principles of Behavior

o 1952: A Behavior System

Clark Hull

* The spirit of mechanism

* omitted mentalistic terms, including consciousness and purpose

* used mechanistic terms

* human behavior

o mechanistic, robotic

o automatic

o reducible to the language of physics

* machines could be constructed that would display human cognitive functions

Clark Hull

* Objective methodology & quantification

* objective experimental methods

* quantitative

* laws of behavior expressed in language of mathematics

o equations

o empirical constants

o theorems and corollaries

Clark Hull

* objective definitions

* rigorous deduction

* four methods

o simple observation

o systematic controlled observation

o experimental testing of hypotheses

o the hypothetico-deductive method

o establish postulates

o deduce experimentally testable hypotheses

o submit them to experimental test

o method necessary for psychology to be a science

Clark Hull

* Drives

* motivation

o a state of bodily need

o arises from a deviation from optimal biological conditions

* drive

o an intervening variable

o a stimulus arising from a state of tissue need

o arouses or activates the behavior

Clark Hull

o its strength is empirically determined

o is nonspecific

o energizes behavior

o does not direct behavior

o direction of behavior determined by environmental stimuli

o reinforcement: reduction or satisfaction of a drive

Clark Hull

* primary drives

o arise from a state of physical need

o are vital to the organism's survival

* secondary drives

o are learned

o are situations or environmental stimuli associated with the reduction of primary drives

o as a result of the association, become drives themselves

Clark Hull

* Learning

* has a key role in Hull's system

* focuses on principle of reinforcement (Thorndike's law of effect)

o law of primary reinforcement

o defined in terms of the reduction of a primary need

o primary reinforcement is the basis for learning

o secondary reinforcement

Clark Hull

* S-R

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